Editing Utah Lake (section)

==History==

===Pre-European===
The first inhabitants of the area were nomadic hunter-gatherers of the [[Desert Archaic Culture]].<ref>{{Harvnb|The_Aboriginal_Peoples|1960|pp=211–222}}</ref>  An archeology site, called the Soo'nkahni Village, has been explored next to the Jordan River in [[Draper, Utah|Draper]]. The site dates back 3,000 years, and over 30,000 artifacts have been found.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_14515513 | title=Tribal leaders say UTA 'ignores' them | newspaper=Salt Lake Tribune | date=March 4, 2010 | access-date=April 1, 2010}}</ref> The next recorded inhabitants were the [[Fremont culture|Fremont people]] who lived in the Utah Lake area from about 400 AD to about 1350 AD. They consisted of small villages of hunters and farmers. They farmed corn, squash, and beans.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jackson|Stevens|1981|p=11}}</ref> When climatic conditions changed, they caused trouble for farming. Also, the ancestors to the [[Ute Tribe|Ute]], [[Southern Paiute|Paiute]], and [[Northwestern Shoshone]] moved into the area. As a result, the Fremont people left the area.<ref>{{Harvnb|Madsen|2002|pp=13–14}}</ref>

The third group inhabited the area was the Utes of central Utah and eastern Colorado. The Timpanogot (also called [[Timpanogos]], Timpanogotzi, Timpannah, and Tempenny) band of the Utes inhabited Utah Valley.<ref>{{Harvnb|Janetski|1990|p=32}}</ref>  They were the most dominant band of Utes due to the relative ease of gathering the plentiful local food supply.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cuch|first=Forrest S|title=History of Utah's American Indians|publisher=University Press of Colorado|year=2000|page=177}}</ref> It was a sacred meeting place for the Timpanogos, [[Ute people|Ute]] and [[Shoshone]] tribes.<ref>[http://www.blackhawkproductions.com/fortutah.htm Fort Utah and Battle Creek 1849-50]</ref> During the spring spawning season, these tribes would meet at Utah Lake for the annual fish festival.  At the festival, there was dancing, singing, trading, horse races, gambling, and feasting on the plentiful fish the lake provided.  It was also an opportunity to find a mate from another clan.<ref name=TimpanogosHistory>[http://www.timpanogostribe.com/history.html History of the Timpanogos Tribe]</ref>  In 1826, [[Jedediah Smith]] visited a camp along the Spanish Fork river that had 35 lodges with about 175 people.<ref>{{Harvnb|Janetski|1990|pp=34–36}}</ref>

===European explorers===
Franciscan missionary [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]], while on his expedition in late summer and early autumn of 1776, was trying to find a land route from [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]] to [[Monterey]], [[California]]. Two Timpanogots from Utah Valley acted as guides for his party. On September 23, 1776, the party traveled down [[Spanish Fork Canyon]] and entered the Utah Valley.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/dominguez-escalanteexpedition.html | title=Dominguez-Escalante Expedition | work=Utah History to Go | publisher=Utah State Historical Society | access-date=March 27, 2010}}</ref> From Escalante's journal, he describes Utah Lake: "The lake, which must be six leagues wide and fifteen leagues long, extends as far as one of these valleys. It runs northwest through a narrow passage, and according to what they told us, it communicates with others much larger.  This lake of Timpanogotzis abounds in several kinds of good fish, geese, beaver, and other amphibious animals which did not have an opportunity to see. Round about it is these Indians, who live on the abundant fish of the lake, for which reason the Yutas Sabuaganas call them "Come Pescados" (Fish Eaters).  Besides this, they gather in the plain grass seeds from which they make [[atole]], which they supplement by hunting hares, rabbits, and fowl of which there is great abundance here."<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.mith2.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html#september25 | title=Derrotero y Diario | work=Early Americas digital archive | publisher=Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities | access-date=March 27, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071254/http://www.mith2.umd.edu/eada/gateway/diario/diary.html#september25 | archive-date=September 28, 2011 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Escalante named the lake Lake Timpanogos, after the tribe living in the area. Escalante's record clearly distinguishes between this Lake Timpanogos, a body of freshwater that he saw and sized, and the Great Salt Lake, which he did not see or name but was described to him as a river "communicates with others much larger." The next recorded European visitor was [[Étienne Provost]], a French-Canadian trapper who visited Utah Lake in October 1824.<ref>{{Harvnb|Journal_of_W.A._Ferris|1941|pp=105–106}}</ref>  The city of Provo and the Provo River are named after him.

===Early settlement by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints===
[[Image:View of Fort Utah, on the Timpanogos.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of Fort Utah in 1850]]
The settlement of Utah by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began in July 1847, when pioneers entered the Salt Lake Valley.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bancroft|1889|p=262}}</ref> Under the direction of [[Parley P. Pratt]], an exploration of Utah Valley was conducted. The party brought a small boat in which they explored Utah Lake and caught fish with their nets.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jensen|1924|p=31}}</ref>  The first battle between settlers and Indians occurred in early March 1849. A company of forty men was sent into Utah Valley to stop the stealing of cattle from the Salt Lake Valley. The company met in the village of Little Chief, who told them where the people responsible for the stealing were located. A skirmish took place in which four Timpanogots were killed. The settlers named the site of the skirmish Battle Creek, which was later renamed [[Pleasant Grove, Utah|Pleasant Grove]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|2008|p=62}}</ref><ref name="Holzapfel 1999 41">{{cite book|last=Holzapfel|first=RN|title=A History of Utah County|publisher=Utah State Historical Society|year=1999|page=41}}</ref>

In April 1849, a group of about thirty families came into Utah Valley and settled on the Provo River, very close to the main Timpanogot village on the Provo River. The settlers built a [[stockade]] called [[Fort Utah]] and armed it with a [[twelve-pound cannon]] to intimidate the Timpanogots.<ref name="Farmer 2008 64-65">{{Harvnb|Farmer|2008|pp=64–65}}</ref> In August, a Timpanogot named Old Bishop was murdered by three settlers over a shirt they wanted from him.<ref name="Farmer 2008 64-65"/><ref>{{Citation | url=http://historytogo.utah.gov/salt_lake_tribune/history_matters/110500.html | title=Murdered Ute's Ghost Haunts Utah History | newspaper=Salt Lake Tribune | date=November 5, 2000 | access-date=April 10, 2010}}</ref> Some Timpanogots shot at cattle or stole corn in response. Winter was especially hard, and Timpanogots stole cattle for food. By January 1850, settlers of Fort Utah reported to officials in Salt Lake City that the situation was getting dangerous. They wanted a military party to attack the Timpanogots. A militia was sent from Salt Lake City, and on February 8 and 11, they engaged the Timpanogots in battle. On February 14, eleven Timpanogots surrendered but were later executed while their families watched. A government surgeon went to the execution site and cut off the Timpanogots' heads for later examination. One militia man and 102 Timpanogots were killed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|2008|pp=70–76}}</ref> Over the ensuing years, fewer and fewer Timpanogots lived in Utah Valley, and by 1872, all Timpanogots had moved to the [[Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation]]. However, some Timpanogots occasionally returned to fish on Utah Lake into the 1920s.<ref name="Holzapfel 1999 41"/>

Captain [[Howard Stansbury]] of the United States Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers was ordered to map, survey, and explore Utah and Salt Lake Valleys. In 1850, Captain Stansbury explored Utah Lake and Utah Valley,<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|pp=215}}</ref> surveyed<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|p=297}}</ref> and made observation of the local wildlife.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansbury|1852|pp=307–397}}</ref>