Editing Urinary incontinence (section)

=== Adults ===
The body stores urine—water and wastes removed by the kidneys—in the [[urinary bladder]], a balloon-like organ. The bladder connects to the [[urethra]], the tube through which urine leaves the body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson KE, Arner A | title = Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: physiology and pathophysiology | journal = Physiological Reviews | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 935–986 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15269341 | doi = 10.1152/physrev.00038.2003 }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Continence and [[micturition]] involve a balance between [[urethra]]l closure and [[detrusor]] muscle activity (the muscle of the bladder). During [[urination]], [[detrusor muscle]]s in the wall of the bladder contract, forcing urine out of the bladder and into the urethra. At the same time, [[sphincter]] muscles surrounding the urethra relax, letting urine pass out of the body.  The [[Urethral sphincters|urethral sphincter]] is the muscular ring that closes the outlet of the urinary bladder preventing urine to pass outside the body. Urethral pressure normally exceeds bladder pressure, resulting in urine remaining in the [[Urinary bladder|bladder]], and maintaining continence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeLancey JO | title = Anatomy and physiology of urinary continence | journal = Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 298–307 | date = June 1990 | pmid = 2190733 | doi = 10.1097/00003081-199006000-00014 | s2cid = 43806356 }}</ref> The urethra is supported by [[Pelvic floor|pelvic floor muscles]] and tissue, allowing it to close firmly. Any damage to this balance between the [[detrusor muscle]], [[Urethral sphincters|urethral sphincter]], supportive tissue and nerves can lead to some type of incontinence .{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

For example, [[Stress incontinence|stress urinary incontinence]] is usually a result of the incompetent closure of the urethral sphincter. This can be caused by damage to the sphincter itself, the muscles that support it, or nerves that supply it. In men, the damage usually happens after prostate surgery or radiation,<ref name="Clemens_2022" /> and in women, it's usually caused by childbirth and pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeLancey JO | title = The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence in women and its implications for surgical treatment | journal = World Journal of Urology | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 268–274 | date = 1997-10-01 | pmid = 9372577 | doi = 10.1007/BF02202011 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 12952663 | hdl = 2027.42/47055 }}</ref> The pressure inside the abdomen (from coughing and sneezing) is normally transmitted to both urethra and bladder equally, leaving the pressure difference unchanged, resulting in continence. When the sphincter is incompetent, this increase in pressure will push the urine against it, leading to incontinence.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Another example is urge incontinence. This incontinence is associated with sudden forceful contractions of the [[detrusor muscle]] (bladder muscle), leading to an intense feeling of urination, and incontinence if the person does not reach the bathroom on time. The syndrome is known as [[Overactive bladder|overactive bladder syndrome]], and it's related to dysfunction of the detrusor muscle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overactive Bladder (OAB): Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | work = Urology Care Foundation |url= https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/overactive-bladder-(oab) |access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>