Editing Urban design (section)

=====Postwar=====
Team X was a group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of the [[Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne|International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM)]] and created a schism within CIAM by challenging its doctrinaire approach to [[urbanism]].

In 1956, the term "Urban design" was first used at a series of conferences hosted by Harvard University. The event provided a platform for Harvard's Urban Design program. The program also utilized the writings of famous [[urban planning]] thinkers: [[Gordon Cullen]], [[Jane Jacobs]], [[Kevin A. Lynch|Kevin Lynch]], and [[Christopher Alexander]].

In 1961, [[Gordon Cullen]] published ''The Concise Townscape''. He examined the traditional artistic approach to city design of theorists including Camillo Sitte, Barry Parker, and [[Raymond Unwin]]. Cullen also created the concept of 'serial vision'. It defined the urban landscape as a series of related spaces.
[[File:Jane Jacobs.jpg|thumb|[[Jane Jacobs]], urban design activist and author of ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]''.]]
Also in 1961, [[Jane Jacobs]] published ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]''. She critiqued the [[modernism]] of [[Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne|CIAM]] (International Congresses of Modern Architecture). Jacobs also claimed [[crime rate]]s in publicly owned spaces were rising because of the Modernist approach of 'city in the park'. She argued instead for an 'eyes on the street' approach to town planning through the resurrection of main public space precedents (e.g. streets, squares).

In the same year, [[Kevin A. Lynch|Kevin Lynch]] published ''[[The Image of the City]]''. He was seminal to urban design, particularly with regards to the concept of legibility. He reduced urban design theory to five basic elements: paths, districts, edges, nodes, landmarks. He also made the use of mental maps to understand the city popular, rather than the two-dimensional physical master plans of the previous 50 years.

Other notable works:

* ''Architecture of the City'' by [[Aldo Rossi]] (1966)
* ''Learning from Las Vegas'' by [[Robert Venturi]] and [[Denise Scott Brown]] (1972)
* ''Collage City'' by [[Colin Rowe]] (1978)
* ''The Next American Metropolis'' by [[Peter Calthorpe]] (1993)
* ''The Social Logic of Space'' by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson (1984)

The popularity of these works resulted in terms that become everyday language in the field of [[urban planning]]. Aldo Rossi introduced 'historicism' and 'collective memory' to urban design. Rossi also proposed a 'collage metaphor' to understand the collection of new and old forms within the same urban space. Peter Calthorpe developed a manifesto for sustainable urban living via medium-density living. He also designed a manual for building new settlements in his concept of [[Transit-oriented development|Transit Oriented Development]] (TOD). Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson introduced [[Space Syntax]] to predict how movement patterns in cities would contribute to urban vitality, anti-social behaviour, and economic success. 'Sustainability', 'livability', and 'high quality of urban components' also became commonplace in the field.