Editing Uralic languages (section)

==Classification==
{| align="right"
|-
| {{bar box
|title=Relative numbers of speakers of Uralic languages<ref>Russian figures from the 2010 census. Others from EU 2012 figures or others of comparable date.</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=280px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|#008751|62.72}}<!--12,574k-->
{{bar percent|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]|#003580|26.05}}<!--5,529k-->
{{bar percent|[[Estonian language|Estonian]]|#4891D9|5.31}}<!--1,164k-->
{{bar percent|[[Mari language|Mari]]|Purple|1.93}}<!--488k-->
{{bar percent|[[Komi language|Komi-Zyrian]]|Black|1.45}}<!--464k-->
{{bar percent|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]|Red|1.45}}<!--432k-->
{{bar percent|[[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]|#008000|1.3}}<!--312k-->
{{bar percent|[[Võro language|Võro]]|DeepPink|0.48}}<!--58k-->
{{bar percent|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]|Silver|0.24}}<!--31k-->
{{bar percent|[[Khanty language|Khanty]]|grey|0.14}}<!--25k-->
{{bar percent|[[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]|Orange|0.12}}<!--14k-->
{{bar percent|Other|Orange|0.29}}<!--~15k, = 21,106k total-->
}}
|}

The Uralic family comprises nine undisputed groups with no consensus classification between them. (Some of the proposals are listed in the next section.) An agnostic approach treats them as separate branches.<ref name=Salminen2007/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html|title=Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages|last=Salminen|first=Tapani|date=2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110193655/http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html |archive-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

Obsolete or native names are displayed in italics.
* '''[[Sámi languages|Sámi]]''' (Sami, Saami, Samic, Saamic, ''Lappic, Lappish'')
* '''[[Finnic languages|Finnic]]''' (Fennic, Baltic Finnic, Balto-Finnic, Balto-Fennic)
* '''[[Mordvinic languages|Mordvinic]]''' (Mordvin, Mordvinian)
* '''[[Mari language|Mari]]''' (''Cheremis'')
* '''[[Permic languages|Permic]]''' (Permian)
* '''[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]''' (''Magyar'')
* '''[[Mansi language|Mansi]]''' (''Vogul, Ма̄ньси, Маньсь'')
* '''[[Khanty language|Khanty]]''' (''Ostyak, Handi, Hantõ, Хӑнты, Ӄӑнтәӽ'')
* '''[[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]]''' (Samoyed)

There is also historical evidence of a number of extinct languages of uncertain affiliation:
* [[Merya language|Merya]]
* [[Muromian language|Muromian]]
* [[Meshcherian language|Meshcherian]] (until 16th century?)

Traces of Finno-Ugric substrata, especially in toponymy, in the northern part of European Russia have been proposed as evidence for even more extinct Uralic languages.<ref>{{cite book |last=Helimski |first=Eugene |author-link=Eugene Helimski |title=The Slavicization of the Russian North (Slavica Helsingiensia 27) |editor-last=Nuorluoto |editor-first=Juhani |chapter=The «Northwestern» group of Finno-Ugric languages and its heritage in the place names and substratum vocabulary of the Russian North |year=2006 |publisher=Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures |location=Helsinki |isbn=978-952-10-2852-6 |pages=109–127 |chapter-url=http://www.helsinki.fi/venaja/nwrussia/eng/Conference/pdf/Helimski.pdf }}</ref>

[[File:UralicTree.svg|frameless|upright=4.1]]

===Traditional classification===
All Uralic languages are thought to have descended, through independent processes of [[language change]], from [[Proto-Uralic language|Proto-Uralic]]. The internal structure of the Uralic family has been debated since the family was first proposed.<ref name="Marcantonio-p55-68">{{cite book|title=The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics|last=Marcantonio|first=Angela|publisher=Blackwell|year=2002|isbn=978-0-631-23170-7|series=Publications of the Philological Society|volume=35|location=Oxford|pages=55–68|oclc=803186861}}</ref> Doubts about the validity of most or all of the proposed higher-order branchings (grouping the nine undisputed families) are becoming more common.<ref name=Marcantonio-p55-68/><ref name="SalmTax">{{cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/kuzn.html|title=Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies|last=Salminen|first=Tapani|date=2002}}</ref>{{sfn|Aikio|2022|pp=1–4}}

A traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Die gegenseitige Verwandtschaft der Finnisch-ugrischen sprachen|last=Donner|first=Otto|year=1879|location=Helsinki|language=de|oclc=1014980747|author-link=Otto Donner}}</ref> It has enjoyed frequent adaptation in whole or in part in encyclopedias, handbooks, and overviews of the Uralic family. Otto Donner's model from 1879 is as follows:

{{tree list}}
* '''Uralic'''
** [[Ugric languages|Ugric]] (Ugrian)
*** [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
*** [[Ob-Ugric languages|Ob-Ugric]] (Ob-Ugrian)
**** [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
**** [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
** [[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]] (Permian-Finnic)
*** [[Permic languages|Permic]]
*** [[Finno-Volgaic languages|Finno-Volgaic]] (Finno-Cheremisic, Finno-Mari)
**** Volgaic
***** [[Mari language|Mari]]
***** [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvinic]]
**** [[Finno-Samic languages|Finno-Samic]] (Finno-Saamic, ''Finno-Lappic'')
***** [[Sámi languages|Sámi]]
***** [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
{{tree list/end}}

At Donner's time, the [[Samoyedic languages]] were still poorly known, and he was not able to address their position. As they became better known in the early 20th century, they were found to be quite divergent, and they were assumed to have separated already early on. The terminology adopted for this was "Uralic" for the entire family, "[[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]]" for the non-Samoyedic languages (though "Finno-Ugric" has, to this day, remained in use also as a synonym for the whole family).<ref name=persee/> Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic are listed in [[ISO 639-5]] as primary branches of Uralic.

The following table lists nodes of the traditional family tree that are recognized in some overview sources.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Author(s) !!Finno-<br/>Ugric !! Ugric !! Ob-Ugric !! Finno-<br/>Permic !! Finno-<br/>Volgaic !! Volga-<br/>Finnic!! Finno-<br/>Samic
|-
! 1910 || Szinnyei<ref>{{cite book|title=Finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft|last=Szinnyei|first=Josef|publisher=G. J. Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung|year=1910|location=Leipzig|pages=9–21|language=de}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 1921 || T. I. Itkonen<ref>{{cite book|title=Suomensukuiset kansat|last=Itkonen|first=T. I.|publisher=Tietosanakirjaosakeyhtiö|year=1921|location=Helsinki|pages=7–12|language=fi}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1926 || Setälä<ref>{{cite book|title=Suomen suku|last=Setälä|first=E. N.|publisher=Otava|year=1926|location=Helsinki|language=fi|chapter=Kielisukulaisuus ja rotu}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1962 || Hajdú<ref>{{cite book|title=Finnugor népek és nyelvek|last=Hájdu|first=Péter|year=1962|location=Budapest|language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Hajdu|title=Finno-Ugric Languages and Peoples|others=Translated by G. F. Cushing|year=1975|publisher=André Deutch Ltd.|location=London}}. English translation of Hajdú (1962).</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|hajdu|a|}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|hajdu|a|}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1965 || Collinder<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WubvXTkjoLUC&pg=PA7|title=An Introduction to the Uralic languages|last=Collinder|first=Björn|publisher=University of California Press|year=1965|location=Berkeley|pages=8–27, 34|author-link=Björn Collinder}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1966 || E. Itkonen<ref>{{cite book|title=Suomalais-ugrilaisen kielen- ja historiantutkimuksen alalta|last=Itkonen|first=Erkki|publisher=Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura|year=1966|series=Tietolipas|volume=20|pages=5–8|language=fi}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 1968 || Austerlitz<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Robert|last=Austerlitz|author-link=Robert Austerlitz|chapter=L'ouralien|editor-first=André|editor-last=Martinet|editor-link=André Martinet|encyclopedia=Le langage|year=1968}}</ref>
| {{N&}}{{Ref label|austerlitz|b}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|austerlitz|b}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1977 || Voegelin & Voegelin<ref>{{cite book|first1=C. F.|first2=F. M.|last1=Voegelin|last2=Voegelin|title=Classification and Index of the World's Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/classificationin0000voeg|url-access=registration|year=1977|publisher=Elsevier|location=New York/Oxford/Amsterdam|pages=[https://archive.org/details/classificationin0000voeg/page/341 341]–343|isbn=9780444001559}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 2002 || Kulonen<ref>{{cite book|first=Ulla-Maija|last=Kulonen|chapter=Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret|editor-first=Riho|editor-last=Grünthal|title=Ennen, muinoin. Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan|year=2002|series=Tietolipas|volume=180|publisher=[[Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura]]|isbn=978-951-746-332-4|pages=104–108}}</ref>
| {{N&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 2002 ||Michalove<ref name=Michalove/>
| {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || || {{N&}} || 
|-
! 2007 || Häkkinen<ref>Häkkinen, Jaakko 2007: Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa. Pro gradu -työ, Helsingin yliopiston Suomalais-ugrilainen laitos. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746</ref>
| {{N&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|hakkinen|c}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|hakkinen|c}}
|-
! 2007 || Lehtinen<ref>{{cite book|last=Lehtinen|first=Tapani|year=2007|title=Kielen vuosituhannet |series=Tietolipas|volume=215|publisher=[[Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura]]|isbn=978-951-746-896-1}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 2007 || Salminen<ref name=Salminen2007>{{cite book|last=Salminen|first=Tapani|year=2007|chapter=Europe and North Asia |editor=Christopher Moseley |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose|url-access=limited|location=London |publisher=Routlegde |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose/page/n229 211]–280|isbn=9780700711970}}</ref>
| {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 2009 || Janhunen<ref name=Janhunen2009>{{cite book|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|chapter=Proto-Uralic—what, where and when? |year=2009 |editor= Jussi Ylikoski |title=The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Société Finno-Ougrienne |isbn=978-952-5667-11-0|issn=0355-0230|chapter-url=http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust258/sust258_janhunen.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|janhunen|d}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}}?
|}
: {{Note label|hajdu|a. Hajdú describes the Ugric and Volgaic groups as areal units.}}
: {{Note label|austerlitz|b. Austerlitz accepts narrower-than-traditional Finno-Ugric and Finno-Permic groups that exclude Sámi}}
: {{Note label|hakkinen|c. Häkkinen groups Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Samoyed into a Ugro-Samoyed branch, and groups Balto-Finnic, Sámi and Mordvin into a Finno-Mordvin branch}}
: {{Note label|janhunen|d. Janhunen accepts a reduced Ugric branch, called 'Mansic', that includes Hungarian and Mansi}}

Little explicit evidence has however been presented in favour of Donner's model since his original proposal, and numerous alternate schemes have been proposed. Especially in Finland, there has been a growing tendency to reject the Finno-Ugric intermediate protolanguage.<ref name="SalmTax" /><ref>Häkkinen, Kaisa 1984: Wäre es schon an der Zeit, den Stammbaum zu fällen? – Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Neue Folge 4.</ref> A recent competing proposal instead unites Ugric and Samoyedic in an "East Uralic" group for which shared innovations can be noted.<ref name="EastUralic">Häkkinen, Jaakko 2009: [http://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf ''Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa'']. – ''Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 92''.</ref>

The Finno-Permic grouping still holds some support, though the arrangement of its subgroups is a matter of some dispute. Mordvinic is commonly seen as particularly closely related to or part of Finno-Samic.<ref>{{cite book
 |title=Mordvalaiskielten rakenne ja kehitys
 |last=Bartens
 |first=Raija
 |year=1999
 |publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
 |location=Helsinki
 |page=13
 |language=fi
 |isbn=978-952-5150-22-3}}</ref> The term ''[[Volga Finns|Volgaic]]'' (or ''Volga-Finnic'') was used to denote a branch previously believed to include Mari, Mordvinic and a number of the extinct languages, but it is now obsolete<ref name="SalmTax"/> and considered a geographic classification rather than a linguistic one.

Within Ugric, uniting Mansi with Hungarian rather than Khanty has been a competing hypothesis to Ob-Ugric.

===Lexical isoglosses===
[[Lexicostatistics]] has been used in defense of the traditional family tree. A recent re-evaluation of the evidence<ref name=Michalove>Michalove, Peter A. (2002) The Classification of the Uralic Languages: Lexical Evidence from Finno-Ugric. In: Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, vol. 57</ref> however fails to find support for Finno-Ugric and Ugric, suggesting four lexically distinct branches (Finno-Permic, Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Samoyedic).

One alternative proposal for a family tree, with emphasis on the development of numerals, is as follows:<ref name=Janhunen2009/>

{{tree list}}
* Uralic ({{lang|urj|*kektä}} "2", {{lang|urj|*wixti}} "5" / "10")
** Samoyedic (*op "1", *ketä "2", *näkur "3", *tettə "4", *səmpəleŋkə "5", *məktut "6", *sejtwə "7", *wiət "10")
** Finno-Ugric ({{lang|fiu|*üki/*ükti}} "1", {{lang|fiu|*kormi}} "3", {{lang|fiu|*ńeljä}} "4", {{lang|fiu|*wiiti}} "5", {{lang|fiu|*kuuti}} "6", {{lang|fiu|*luki}} "10")
*** Mansic
**** Mansi
**** Hungarian (''hét'' "7"; replacement ''egy'' "1")
*** Finno-Khantic (reshaping *kolmi "3" on the analogy of "4")
**** Khanty
**** Finno-Permic (reshaping *kektä > *kakta)
***** Permic
***** Finno-Volgaic (*śećem "7"<!--*kanteksa "8", *inteksa "9"?-->)
****** Mari
****** Finno-Saamic (*kakteksa, *ükteksa "8, 9"<!--on the analogy of "1, 2"?-->)
******* Saamic
******* Finno-Mordvinic (replacement *kümmen "10" (*luki- "to count", "to read out"))
******** Mordvinic<!--(suffixation *vej > *vejkə "1")-->
******** Finnic<!--(reshaping *kakta > *kakti "2" on the analogy of "1")-->
{{tree list/end}}

===Phonological isoglosses===
Another proposed tree, more divergent from the standard, focusing on consonant isoglosses (which does not consider the position of the Samoyedic languages) is presented by Viitso (1997),<ref name=Viitso1997>Viitso, Tiit-Rein. Keelesugulus ja soome-ugri keelepuu. Akadeemia 9/5 (1997)</ref> and refined in Viitso (2000):<ref name=Viitso2000>Viitso, Tiit-Rein. Finnic Affinity. Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum I:
Orationes plenariae & Orationes publicae. (2000)</ref>

{{tree list}}
* Finno-Ugric
** Saamic–Fennic ([[consonant gradation]])
*** Saamic
*** Fennic
** Eastern Finno-Ugric
***Mordva
***(node)
**** Mari
**** Permian–Ugric (*δ > *l)
***** Permian
***** Ugric (*s *š *ś > *ɬ *ɬ *s)
****** Hungarian
****** Khanty
****** Mansi
{{tree list/end}}

The grouping of the four bottom-level branches remains to some degree open to interpretation, with competing models of Finno-Saamic vs. Eastern Finno-Ugric (Mari, Mordvinic, Permic-Ugric; *k > ɣ between vowels, degemination of stops) and Finno-Volgaic (Finno-Saamic, Mari, Mordvinic; *δʲ > *ð between vowels) vs. Permic-Ugric. Viitso finds no evidence for a Finno-Permic grouping.<!-- see also [[Proto-Sámi language#From Proto-Uralic]] for two isoglosses exclusively shared by Sámi, Finnic and Mordvinic: merger of *ë with *a and of *δʲ with *δ -->

Extending this approach to cover the Samoyedic languages suggests affinity with Ugric, resulting in the aforementioned East Uralic grouping, as it also shares the same sibilant developments. A further non-trivial Ugric-Samoyedic isogloss is the reduction *k, *x, *w > ɣ when before *i, and after a vowel (cf. *k > ɣ above), or adjacent to *t, *s, *š, or *ś.<ref name = EastUralic/>

Finno-Ugric consonant developments after Viitso (2000); Samoyedic changes after Sammallahti (1988)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences|url=https://archive.org/details/uraliclanguagesd00sino|url-access=limited|last=Sammallahti|first=Pekka|publisher=E.J. Brill|year=1988|isbn=978-90-04-07741-6|editor-last=Sinor|editor-first=Denis|location=Leiden|pages=[https://archive.org/details/uraliclanguagesd00sino/page/n493 478]–554|language=en|chapter=Historical phonology of the Uralic Languages|oclc=466103653}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| !! Saamic !! Finnic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
|-
! colspan="2"| Medial lenition of {{IPA|*k}}
| no || no || yes || yes || yes || yes || yes || yes || yes
|-
! colspan="2"| Medial lenition of {{IPA|*p, *t}}
| no || no || yes || yes || yes || yes || no || no || no
|-
! colspan="2"| Degemination
| no || no || yes || yes || yes || yes || yes || yes || yes
|-
! colspan="2"| Consonant gradation
| yes || yes || no || no || no || no || no || no || yes*
|-
! rowspan="7" | Development of
! *δ
|rowspan="2"| *ð ||rowspan="2"| *t ||rowspan="2"| *t || ∅ || *l || l || *l || *l || *r
|-
! *δʲ
| *t, ∅ || *lʲ || ɟ ❬gy❭, j || *lʲ || *j || *j
|-
! *s
|rowspan="2"| *s || *s || *s, z || *s, z || *s, z || rowspan="2" | ∅ ||rowspan="2"| *t ||rowspan="2"| *ɬ ||rowspan="2"| *t
|-
! *š
| *h || *š, ž 
| rowspan="3" |*š, ž|| *š, ž
|-
! *ś
| rowspan="2" | *č || *s || rowspan="2" | *ś, ź || *ś, ź || s ❬sz❭ || rowspan="2" | *s, š || *s || rowspan="2"| *s
|-
! *ć
|*c
| *ć, ź || č ❬cs❭ || *ć
|-
!*č
|*c
|*t
|*č
|*č
|*č, ž
|š ❬s❭
|*š
|*č̣
|*č
|}

* *Only present in [[Nganasan language|Nganasan]].
* Note: Proto-Uralic *ś becomes Proto-Sámi *č unless before a consonant, where it becomes *š, which, in the western Sámi languages, is vocalized to *j before a stop.
* Note: Proto-Mari *s and *š in only reliably stay distinct in the Malmyž dialect of Eastern Mari. Elsewhere, *s usually becomes *š.
*Note: Proto-Khanty *ɬ in many of the dialects yields *t; Häkkinen assumes this also happened in Mansi and Samoyedic.

The inverse relationship between consonant gradation and medial lenition of stops (the pattern also continuing within the three families where gradation ''is'' found) is noted by [[Eugene Helimski|Helimski]] (1995): an original allophonic gradation system between voiceless and voiced stops would have been easily disrupted by a spreading of voicing to previously unvoiced stops as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Helimski |first=Eugene |author-link=Eugene Helimski |url=http://helimski.com/2.140.PDF |title=Proto-Uralic gradation: Continuation and traces |access-date=2012-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002150529/http://helimski.com/2.140.PDF |archive-date=2011-10-02 |journal=Congressus Octavus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum |place=Jyväskylä |year=1995 }}</ref>

===Honkola, et al. (2013)===
A [[computational phylogenetic]] study by Honkola, et al. (2013)<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/jeb.12107| pmid=23675756|title = Cultural and climatic changes shape the evolutionary history of the Uralic languages| journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology| volume=26| issue=6| pages=1244–1253|year = 2013|last1 = Honkola|first1 = T.| last2=Vesakoski| first2=O.| last3=Korhonen| first3=K.| last4=Lehtinen| first4=J.| last5=Syrjänen| first5=K.| last6=Wahlberg| first6=N.| doi-access=free}}</ref> classifies the Uralic languages as follows. [[Molecular clock|Estimated divergence dates]] from Honkola, et al. (2013) are also given.

{{tree list}}
*'''Uralic''' (5300 [[YBP]])
**[[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]]
**[[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] (3900 [[YBP]])
***[[Ugric languages|Ugric]] (3300 YBP)
****[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
****[[Ob-Ugric languages|Ob-Ugric]] (1900 YBP)
*****[[Khanty language|Khanty]]
*****[[Mansi language|Mansi]]
***[[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]] (3700 YBP)
****[[Permic languages|Permian]]
*****[[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
*****[[Komi language|Komi]]
****[[Finno-Volgaic languages|Finno-Volgaic]]
*****[[Mari language|Mari]] (3200 YBP)
*****(core branch)
******[[Erzya language|Erzya]] (2900 YBP) ([[Mordvinic languages|Mordvinic]])
******[[Finno-Samic languages|Finno-Samic]]
*******[[Sámi languages|Sámi]] (800 YBP)
*******[[Finnic languages|Finnic]] (1200 YBP)
{{tree list/end}}