Editing University of Paris (section)

====Four "nations"====
[[File:Four nations of the University of Paris.png|thumb|Map showing the territories covered by the four nations of the University of Paris during the Middle Ages.]]
{{Main|Nation (university)}}

The "nations" appeared in the second half of the twelfth century. They were mentioned in the Bull of [[Honorius III]] in 1222. Later, they formed a distinct body. By 1249, the four nations existed with their procurators, their rights (more or less well-defined), and their keen rivalries: the nations were the French, English, Normans, and Picards. After the Hundred Years' War, the English nation was replaced by the Germanic. The four nations constituted the [[Faculty of Arts|faculty of arts or letters]].

The territories covered by the four nations were:
* French nation: all the [[Romance languages|Romance-speaking]] parts of Europe except those included within the Norman and Picard nations
* English nation (renamed 'German nation' after the [[Hundred Years' War]]): the [[British Isles]], the [[Germanic languages|Germanic-speaking]] parts of continental Europe (except those included within the Picard nation), and the [[Slavic languages|Slavic-speaking]] parts of Europe. The majority of students within that nation came from Germany and Scotland, and when it was renamed 'German nation' it was also sometimes called ''natio Germanorum et Scotorum'' ("nation of the Germans and Scots").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmouAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+natio+Germanorum+et+Scotorum%22&pg=PA19|title=Miscellanea Scotica: Memoirs of the ancient alliance between France and Scotland. Account of the Earl of Glencairn's expedition into the Highlands of Scotland, in the years 1653-4, written by Graham of Deuchrie. Life and death of King James the Fifth of Scotland. Buchanan's inquiry into the genealogy and present state of ancient Scottish surnames; with the history of the family of Buchanan. Monro's (High Dean of the Isles) genealogies of the clans of the isles|date=21 January 2018|publisher=sold|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6wQAAAAYAAJ&q=%22+natio+Germanorum+et+Scotorum%22&pg=PA18|title=Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland, and of the Border Raids, Forays, and Conflicts|date=21 January 2018|publisher=Fullarton|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* Norman nation: the [[List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France#Province of Rouen (Lugdunensis Secunda)|ecclesiastical province of Rouen]], which corresponded approximately to the [[Duchy of Normandy]]. This was a Romance-speaking territory, but it was not included within the French nation.
* Picard nation: the Romance-speaking [[diocese|bishoprics]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais|Beauvais]], [[Ancient Diocese of Noyon|Noyon]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens|Amiens]], [[Ancient Diocese of Laon|Laon]], and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras|Arras]]; the bilingual (Romance and Germanic-speaking) bishoprics of [[Ancient Diocese of Thérouanne|Thérouanne]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai|Cambrai]], and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai|Tournai]]; a large part of the bilingual bishopric of [[Prince-Bishopric of Liège|Liège]]; and the southernmost part of the Germanic-speaking bishopric of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Utrecht]] (the part of that bishopric located south of the river [[Meuse]]; the rest of the bishopric north of the Meuse belonged to the English nation). It was estimated that about half of the students in the Picard nation were Romance-speakers ([[Picard language|Picard]] and [[Walloon language|Walloon]]), and the other half were Germanic-speakers ([[West Flemish]], [[East Flemish]], [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] and [[Limburgish]] dialects).<ref>[http://www.u-picardie.fr/LESCLaP/IMG/doc/lusignan_gervais_29082008_finale_interligne1.doc « Picard » et « Picardie », espace linguistique et structures sociopolitiques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217051646/http://www.u-picardie.fr/LESCLaP/IMG/doc/lusignan_gervais_29082008_finale_interligne1.doc |date=17 December 2008 }}, by Serge Lusignan and Diane Gervais, August 2008</ref>