Editing University of Michigan (section)

===1950 to present===

In 1951, [[Harlan Hatcher]] succeeded Ruthven and served as president until 1968, overseeing the construction of North Campus, the founding of [[University of Michigan–Flint|Flint Senior College]], and the establishment of the [[University of Michigan–Dearborn|Dearborn Center]], both now full-fledged branch campuses.<ref name=":31">{{cite web |author=Frank, Mary Jo |url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Nov14_96/artcl04.htm |title=U-M presidents have weathered wars, recessions, unrest to keep institution in leadership position |publisher=The University Record (University of Michigan) |date=November 14, 1996 |access-date=2007-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last = Pace |first = Eric |date = February 3, 1999 |title = Warren E. Miller, 74, Expert On American Voting Patterns |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/us/warren-e-miller-74-expert-on-american-voting-patterns.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022153/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/us/warren-e-miller-74-expert-on-american-voting-patterns.html |archive-date = September 12, 2018 |access-date = September 11, 2018 |work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> The tenures of Hatcher and his successor, [[Robben Wright Fleming]], were marked by a sharp rise in campus activism, highlighted by the increase in political dissent linked to the [[Civil Rights Movement]] and the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=":31" /> In 1963, a controversial admission policy known as "[[affirmative action]]" was introduced.<ref name=":66">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Matthew |title=Managing Racial Inclusion: The Origins and Early Implementation of Affirmative Action Admissions at the University of Michigan |journal=Journal of Policy History |date=July 2017 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=462–489 |doi=10.1017/S0898030617000197 |s2cid=157653014 }}</ref> It was a radical measure originated by [[Hobart Taylor Jr.]], aimed at boosting Black student enrollment at elite universities.<ref name=":66"/> In 1964, a group of faculty hosted the nation's first "[[teach-in]]" against U.S. foreign policy in Southeast Asia, attended by thousands of students.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Newman |first = Matthew |date = October 1995 |title = U-M faculty's historic teach-in of 30 years ago: 'A Vital Service To Their Country' |url = http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt11o95.html |url-status = dead |journal = Michigan Today |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100602090041/http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt11o95.html |archive-date = June 2, 2010 |access-date = August 28, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = December 22, 2008 |title = A Decade of Dissent: Teach-Ins |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/dissent/teachins.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100727123100/http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/dissent/teachins.php |archive-date = July 27, 2010 |access-date = August 28, 2010 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref> Subsequent [[sit-ins]] by campus groups prompted administrative crackdowns, escalating tensions among radicals.<ref name=":31" /> This included a notable incident involving the Jesse James Gang, an offshoot of [[Students for a Democratic Society]], which took an on-campus military recruiter hostage.<ref name=":31" /> Meanwhile, Hatcher controversially dismissed three professors for their refusal to cooperate with [[Joseph McCarthy]]'s [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] during his tenure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty Perspective: Remembering H. Chandler Davis |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/faculty-perspective-remembering-h-chandler-davis/ |website=record.umich.edu |date=January 12, 2023 }}</ref> Hatcher's successor, Robben Wright Fleming, an experienced labor negotiator, guided the university through a turbulent era of activism.<ref name=":31" /> Unlike some other universities, Michigan did not experience violent outbreaks during this period.<ref name=":31" /> In 1970, two years after the assassination of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], a strike organized by the [[Black Action Movement]] resulted in the university agreeing to several demands for minority support.<ref name=Glenn>{{cite news |url=http://annarborchronicle.com/2010/03/30/open-it-up-or-shut-it-down/|title="Open It Up or Shut It Down": The 1970 Black Action Movement strike at Michigan|last=Glenn|first=Alan|date=30 March 2010|publisher=Ann Arbor Chronicle|access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> In 1971, the [[Spectrum Center (community center)|Spectrum Center]] was founded as the nation's oldest collegiate [[LGBT student center]].<ref>{{Cite web |date = November 11, 2011 |title = AADL Talks To Jim Toy and Jackie Simpson |url = https://aadl.org/node/164719 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210116141342/https://aadl.org/node/164719 |archive-date = January 16, 2021 |access-date = August 27, 2021 |publisher = Ann Arbor District Library }}</ref> Meanwhile, support among students for [[marijuana legalization]] was gaining traction on campus, as highlighted by the annual [[Hash Bash]] rally that began in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ann Arbor Hash Bash Archive Project |url=https://www.hash-bash.com/annarborhashbasharchiveproject.html |website=hash-bash.com}}</ref> Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, campus unrest began to affect the university's academic standing, which had been ranked among the top five in the nation.<ref name="1973 commencement">{{cite web |url=http://websites.umich.edu/~bhlumrec/c/commence/1973-Kerr.pdf |title=Clark Kerr 1973 Winter Commencement: THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY - END OF ITS GOLDEN AGE? |publisher=University of Michigan |date=2022-12-09 |accessdate=2022-12-09 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119092704/http://websites.umich.edu/~bhlumrec/c/commence/1973-Kerr.pdf }}</ref> This standing started to decline during Fleming's tenure. Campus unrest persisted during [[Harold Tafler Shapiro]]'s presidency, which began in 1980, fueled by controversies surrounding the anti-missile [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] and investments in [[South Africa]].

President [[James Duderstadt]] would succeed Shapiro and remain president until 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt6o95.html |title=Michigan Today |access-date=2010-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602090102/http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt6o95.html |archive-date=2010-06-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He facilitated achievements in the campus's physical growth and fundraising efforts. Duderstadt's successor, [[Lee Bollinger]], conducted several major construction projects like the School of Social Work building<ref>{{cite web|title=U-M School of Social Work: History|url=http://ssw.umich.edu/about/history|access-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref> and the Tisch Hall, named in honor of alumnus [[Preston Robert Tisch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Future of the Humanities|year = 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPkAAAAMAAJ&q=university+of+michigan+tisch+hall+1997&pg=RA2-PA13|access-date=20 April 2016|agency=University of Michigan / LSAmagazine, Volumes 20-22|issue=Spring 1998, page 13}}</ref> In 2003, two lawsuits involving the university's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court: [[Grutter v. Bollinger]] and [[Gratz v. Bollinger]]. In 2002, the university elected its first female president, [[Mary Sue Coleman]], by unanimous vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.umich.edu/regents-elect-mary-sue-coleman-president-mary-sue-coleman/ |title=Regents elect Mary Sue Coleman president Mary Sue Coleman |website=news.umich.edu |date=May 29, 2002 |access-date=August 30, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/mary-sue-coleman/46492|title=Mary Sue Coleman|website=forbes.com|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111051732/http://people.forbes.com/profile/mary-sue-coleman/46492|archive-date=November 11, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout her presidency, Michigan's endowment saw continued growth, accompanied by a major fundraising drive known as "The Michigan Difference".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Michigan Difference campaign launched with $2.5 billion goal |url=https://news.umich.edu/the-michigan-difference-campaign-launched-with-25-billion-goal/ |date=May 14, 2004 |access-date=August 30, 2024 }}</ref> The Coleman's administration faced labor disputes with the university's labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization and the Graduate Employees Organization.<ref>{{cite web |last=SAINI |first=KJYOT |title=GSIs walk out |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/gsis-walk-out/ |website=michigandaily.com |date=March 25, 2005 }}</ref> In the early 2000s, the university faced declining state funding, prompting suggestions for privatization.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last = Sullivan |first = Amy |date = April 23, 2009 |title = Cash-Strapped State Schools Being Forced to Privatize |url = http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1893286,00.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010051453/http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1893286,00.html |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |access-date = October 10, 2021 |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1 = Weislak |first1 = Lance J. |last2 = LaFaive |first2 = Michael D. |date = March 1, 2004 |title = Privatize the University of Michigan (Viewpoint on Public Issues) |url = https://www.mackinac.org/V2004-08 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211114231442/https://www.mackinac.org/V2004-08 |archive-date = November 14, 2021 |access-date = November 14, 2021 |publisher = Mackinac Center for Public Policy }}</ref> Despite being a state institution de jure, it adopted private funding models.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Fain |first = P. |date = November 1, 2009 |title = At public universities: Less for more. |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/education/edlife/01public-t.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220509002710/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/education/edlife/01public-t.html |archive-date = May 9, 2022 |access-date = May 8, 2022 |website = The New York Times }}</ref> A 2008 legislative panel further recommended converting it to a private institution due to its minimal ties to the state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Kelderman |first = E. |date = May 1, 2009 |title = Public Colleges Consider Privatization as a Cure for the Common Recession |url = https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ841423 |url-status = live |journal = Chronicle of Higher Education |volume = 55 |issue = 34 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220509002710/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ841423 |archive-date = May 9, 2022 |access-date = May 8, 2022 }}</ref> [[Mark Schlissel]] succeeded Coleman in 2014. Before his firing in 2022, Schlissel expanded financial aid offerings,<ref name="GBG intro article">{{Cite web|url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/u-m-unveils-tuition-guarantee-michigan-students-need/|title=UM Unveils Tuition Guarantee for Michigan Students With Need|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=Rick|date=15 June 2017|newspaper=The University of Michigan Record}}</ref> enhanced international engagement,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.puuma.org/en/news/regents-meeting-schlissel-offers-public-support-international-collaboration|title=At Regents meeting, Schlissel offers public support for International collaboration|date=2 May 2019}}</ref> and raised student diversity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/wolverine-pathways-kickoff-event-draws-nearly-500-students-parents/|title=Wolverine Pathways Kickoff Event Draws Nearly 500 Students, Parents|last1=Allen|first1=Jeremy|date=29 February 2016|newspaper=The University of Michigan Record}}</ref> He also led initiatives in biosciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.umich.edu/u-m-biosciences-initiative-invests-45m-in-groundbreaking-research/|title=U-M Biosciences Initiative invests $45M in 'groundbreaking' research|last1=Erickson|first1=Jim|date=29 October 2018|newspaper=Michigan News}}</ref> and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/arts-initiative-seeks-proposals-for-arts-the-curriculum-program/|title=Arts Initiative seeks proposals for arts curriculum program|last1=Costa|first1=Gabriella|date=8 April 2022}}</ref> The university's 15th president was [[Santa Ono]], from 2022 to 2025. [[Domenico Grasso]], former chancellor of the [[University of Michigan-Dearborn]] is the current interim president, since May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Domenico Grasso becomes interim president of University of Michigan |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/domenico-grasso-becomes-interim-president-of-university-of-michigan/ |website=The University Record |date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref>