Editing University of California (section)

===Transformation and decentralization===

[[File:Campus of the University of California, Irvine (aerial view, circa 2006).jpg|thumb|[[UC Irvine]] was founded and had its campus built out in the 1960s.]]
Upon becoming president in October 1957, Clark Kerr supervised UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960.<ref name="ClarkKerr3">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |pages=191–205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA191 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060936/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Trombley">{{cite news |last1=Trombley |first1=William |title=Chancellors Emerge as Powerful Force in University: New Role of UC Campus Chiefs Seen as One of Most Significant Developments of Past Five Years |work=Los Angeles Times |date=December 27, 1965 |page=A1}} Available through [[ProQuest]] Historical Newspapers.</ref> Kerr's reforms included expressly granting all campus chancellors the full range of executive powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had denied to Kerr himself, as well as the radical decentralization of a tightly knit bureaucracy in which all lines of authority had always run directly to the president at Berkeley or to the regents themselves.<ref name="ClarkKerr3" /><ref name="Trombley" /><ref name="ChancellorBylaw" /> In 1965, UCLA Chancellor [[Franklin David Murphy|Franklin D. Murphy]] tried to push this to what he saw as its logical conclusion: he advocated for authorizing all chancellors to report directly to the Board of Regents, thereby rendering the UC president redundant.<ref name="ClarkKerr6">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |pages=206–218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA206 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905061016/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA206#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Murphy wanted to transform UC from one federated university into a confederation of independent universities, similar to [[Kansas Board of Regents|the situation in Kansas]] (from where he was recruited).<ref name="ClarkKerr6" /> Murphy was unable to develop any support for his proposal, Kerr quickly put down what he thought of as "Murphy's rebellion", and therefore Kerr's vision of UC as a university system prevailed: "one university with pluralistic decision-making".<ref name="ClarkKerr6" />
[[File:Geisel Library, UCSD.jpg|thumb|right|[[Geisel Library]], at [[UC San Diego]], was built in 1970.]]
During the 20th century, UC acquired additional satellite locations which, like Los Angeles, were all subordinate to administrators at the Berkeley campus. California farmers lobbied for UC to perform [[applied research]] responsive to their immediate needs; in 1905, the Legislature established a "University Farm School" at [[Davis, California|Davis]] and in 1907 a "Citrus Experiment Station" at [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] as adjuncts to the College of Agriculture at Berkeley. In 1912, UC acquired a [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography|private oceanography laboratory]] in San Diego, which had been founded nine years earlier by local business promoters working with a Berkeley professor. In 1944, UC acquired Santa Barbara State College from the California State Colleges, the descendants of the State Normal Schools.<ref name="Gerth">{{cite book |last1=Gerth |first1=Donald R. |title=The People's University: A History of the California State University |date=2010 |publisher=Berkeley Public Policy Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780877724353 |page=39 }}</ref> In 1958, the regents began promoting these locations to general campuses, thereby creating [[University of California, Santa Barbara|UCSB]] (1958), [[University of California, Davis|UC Davis]] (1959), [[University of California, Riverside|UC Riverside]] (1959), [[University of California, San Diego|UC San Diego]] (1960), and [[University of California, San Francisco|UCSF]] (1964).<ref name="Stadtman3">{{cite book |last1=Stadtman |first1=Verne A. |title=The University of California, 1868–1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |url-access=registration |date=1970 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/400 400–420] }}</ref><ref name="ClarkKerr4">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1 |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA221 |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060937/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA221#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Each campus was also granted the right to have its own chancellor upon promotion. In response to California's continued population growth, UC opened two additional general campuses in 1965, with [[University of California, Irvine|UC Irvine]] opening in [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UC Santa Cruz]] opening in [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]].<ref name="Stadtman3" /> The youngest campus, [[University of California, Merced|UC Merced]] opened in fall 2005 to serve the [[San Joaquin Valley]].
[[File:UCSC Science Hill 2017-05-05.jpg|thumb|[[UC Santa Cruz]], founded in 1965.]]
After losing campuses in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara to the University of California system, supporters of the California State College system arranged for the state constitution to be amended in 1946 to prevent similar losses from happening again in the future.<ref name="Gerth" />

With decentralization complete, it was decided in 1986 that the UC president should no longer be based at the Berkeley campus, and the UC Office of the President moved to [[Kaiser Center]] in Oakland in 1989.<ref name="Johnson_Page_84">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Dean C. |title=The University of California: History and Achievements |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPueAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kaiser%20center%22 |access-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060938/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPueAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kaiser%20center%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> That lakefront location was subject to widespread criticism as "too elegant and too corporate for a public university".<ref name="Pelfrey_Page_55">{{cite book |last1=Pelfrey |first1=Patricia A. |title=Entrepreneurial President: Richard Atkinson and the University of California, 1995–2003 |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520952218 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3yqEtmUPXsC&pg=PA55 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406145824/https://books.google.com/books?id=j3yqEtmUPXsC&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, the Office of the President moved again, to a newly constructed but much more modest building near the former site of the College of California in Oakland.<ref name="Pelfrey_Page_180">{{cite book |last1=Pelfrey |first1=Patricia A. |title=Entrepreneurial President: Richard Atkinson and the University of California, 1995–2003 |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520952218 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3yqEtmUPXsC&pg=PA180 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406172401/https://books.google.com/books?id=j3yqEtmUPXsC&pg=PA180 |url-status=live }}</ref>