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====Carl Menger==== In "[[Principles of Economics (Menger book)|Principles of Economics]]", Austrian school founder [[Carl Menger]] (1840 - 1921) noted that the relationships that occur in the economy are so intricate that a change in the condition of a single [[Goods|good]] can have ramifications beyond that good. Menger wrote: :{{Blockquote|If it is established that the existence of human needs capable of satisfaction is a prerequisite of goods-character [...] This principle is valid whether the goods can be placed in ''direct causal'' connection with the satisfaction of human needs, or derive their goods-character from a more or less indirect causal connection with the satisfaction of human needs. [...]<br/>Thus [[quinine]] would cease to be a good if the [[Malaria|diseases it serves to cure]] should disappear, since the only need with the satisfaction of which it is causally connected would no longer exist. But the disappearance of the usefulness of quinine would have the further consequence that a large part of the corresponding goods of higher order would also be deprived of their goods-character. The inhabitants of quinine-producing countries, who currently earn their livings by cutting and peeling [[cinchona]] trees, would suddenly find that not only their stocks of cinchona bark, but also, in consequence, their cinchona trees, the tools and appliances applicable only to the production of quinine, and above all the specialized labor services, by means of which they previously earned their livings, would at once lose their goods-character, since all these things would, under the changed circumstances, no longer have any causal relationship with the satisfaction of human needs.|Principles of Economics (Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre), 1871.<ref>{{harvnb|Menger|2007|pp= 64–65}}:</ref>|col2=|col3=}}
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