Editing Ukraine (section)

=== Cossack Hetmanate ===
{{main|Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporozhian Sich}}
Deprived of native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, the peasants and townspeople began turning for protection to the emerging [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]]. In the mid-17th&nbsp;century, a Cossack military quasi-state, the [[Zaporozhian Host]], was formed by [[Dnieper Cossacks]] and Ruthenian peasants.<ref name="zaporizhia">{{cite web |author=Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A. |title=Zaporizhia, The |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\Z\A\ZaporizhiaThe.htm |access-date=16 December 2007 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]}}</ref> Poland exercised little real control over this population, but found the Cossacks to be useful against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and Tatars,<ref name="britcos">{{cite web |title=Ukraine – The Cossacks |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066 |access-date=21 October 2015 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> and at times the two were allies in [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military campaigns]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Matsuki |first=Eizo |year=2009 |title=The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves |url=http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605131551/http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2013 |website=econ.hit-u.ac.jp |publisher=[[Hitotsubashi University]] (Mediterranean Studies Group)}}</ref> However, the continued harsh [[serf|enserfment]] of Ruthenian peasantry by Polish [[szlachta]] (many of whom were Polonised [[Ruthenian nobility|Ruthenian nobles]]) and the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.<ref name="britcos"/> The latter did not shy from taking up arms against those they perceived as enemies and occupiers, including the Catholic Church with its local representatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poland |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=12 September 2007 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (fee required)}}</ref>

[[File:Hondius Bohdan Khmelnytsky.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] established an independent [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack state]] after the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|1648 uprising]] against Poland]]
In 1648, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] led the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|largest of the Cossack uprisings]] against the Commonwealth and the [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish king]], which enjoyed wide support from the local population.<ref>Subtelny, pp. 123–124</ref> Khmelnytsky founded the [[Cossack Hetmanate]], which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Lev |last1=Okinshevych |author2=Arkadii Zhukovsky |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmanstate.htm |title=Hetman state |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] |date=1989 |volume=2}}</ref> After Khmelnytsky suffered a crushing defeat at the [[Battle of Berestechko]] in 1651, he turned to the [[List of Russian monarchs|Russian tsar]] for help. In 1654, Khmelnytsky was subject to the [[Pereiaslav Agreement]], forming a military and political alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian monarch.

After his death, the Hetmanate went through a devastating 30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, and [[Cossacks]], known as "[[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|The Ruin]]" (1657–1686), for control of the Cossack Hetmanate. The [[Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686)|Treaty of Perpetual Peace]] between Russia and Poland in 1686 divided the lands of the Cossack Hetmanate between them, reducing the portion over which Poland had claimed sovereignty to Ukraine west of the Dnieper river. In 1686, the [[Metropolitanate of Kyiv]] was [[Annexation of the Metropolitanate of Kyiv by the Moscow Patriarchate|annexed by the Moscow Patriarchate]] through a synodal letter of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] [[Dionysius IV of Constantinople|Dionysius IV]], thus placing the [[Metropolitanate of Kyiv#Orthodox Church of Ukraine|Metropolitanate of Kyiv]] under the authority of [[Moscow]]. An attempt to reverse the decline was undertaken by Cossack Hetman [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1639–1709), who ultimately defected to the [[Sweden|Swedes]] in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700–1721) in a bid to get rid of Russian dependence,<ref name="Magocsi">{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&dq=mazepa+poltava&pg=PA262 |title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition |date=2010 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=9781442640856 |location=Toronto |pages=255–263}}</ref> but Hetmanate's capital city [[Baturyn]] was [[Sack of Baturyn|sacked]] (1708) and they were crushed in the [[Battle of Poltava]] (1709).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bondar |first1=Andriy |title=Baturyn, a Small Town With a Grand History |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/20093 |website=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=7 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="Magocsi"/>

The Hetmanate's autonomy was severely restricted since Poltava. In the years 1764–1781, [[Catherine the Great]] incorporated much of [[Central Ukraine]] into the [[Russian Empire]], abolishing the Cossack Hetmanate and the [[Zaporozhian Sich]], and was one of the people responsible for the suppression of the last major Cossack uprising, the [[Koliivshchyna]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardaway |first=Ashley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOSwvfCKYVkC&dq=massacre+uman+1768&pg=PA98 |title=Ukraine |date=2011 |publisher=Other Places Publishing |isbn=9781935850045 |location=US |page=98}}</ref> After the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire|annexation of Crimea by Russia]] in 1783, the newly acquired lands, now called [[Novorossiya]], were opened up to settlement by Russians.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Makuch |first1=Andrij |last2=Zasenko |first2=Oleksa Eliseyovich |last3=Yerofeyev |first3=Ivan Alekseyevich |last4=Hajda |first4=Lubomyr A. |last5=Stebelsky |first5=Ihor |last6=Kryzhanivsky |first6=Stepan Andriyovich |date=13 December 2023 |title=Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online}}</ref> The [[tsarist autocracy]] established a policy of [[Russification]], suppressing the use of the [[Ukrainian language]] and curtailing the Ukrainian national identity.<ref name="censor">{{cite journal |last=Remy |first=Johannes |title=The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863–1876): Intention and Practice |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |date=March–June 2007 |volume=47 |issue=1/2 |pages=87–110 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2007.11092432 |jstor=40871165 |s2cid=128680044}}</ref> The western part of present-day Ukraine was subsequently split between Russia and [[Habsburg]]-ruled [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] after the [[Partitions of Poland|fall]] of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795.