Editing US Open (tennis) (section)

==Grounds==
[[File:Arthur Ashe Stadium with the roof closed (32938595438).jpg|thumb|Arthur Ashe Stadium with the roof closed in 2018.]]
The grounds of the US Open have 22 outdoor courts (plus 12 practice courts just outside the East Gate) consisting of four "show courts" (Arthur Ashe Stadium, Louis Armstrong Stadium, the Grandstand, and Court 17), 13 field courts, and 5 practice courts.

The main court is the 23,771-seat<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rossetti.com/usta-arthur-ashe-stadium-0 |title=USTA Arthur Ashe Stadium |date=August 15, 2016 |publisher=Rossetti |access-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214051125/https://www.rossetti.com/arthur-ashe-stadium |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Arthur Ashe Stadium]], which opened in 1997. A US$180&nbsp;million<ref name="Free" /> retractable roof was added in 2016.<ref name="Raised" /> The stadium is named after [[Arthur Ashe]], who won the men's singles title at the inaugural US Open in 1968, and was inducted into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] in 1985. The next largest court is the 14,061-seat [[Louis Armstrong Stadium]], which cost US$200&nbsp;million to build and opened in 2018.<ref name="Free">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/sports/us-open-whats-new.html |title=What's New, and What's Free, at the 2018 U.S. Open |author=Cindy Shmerler |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 20, 2018 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907025940/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/sports/us-open-whats-new.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The 6,400-seat lower tier of this stadium is separately ticketed, reserved seating while the 7,661-seat upper tier is general admission and not separately ticketed.<ref name="Free" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.venuesnow.com/news/detail/us-open-preview |title=Finishing Touches at U.S. Open's Home |author=Tim Newcomb |publisher=VenuesNow |date=August 8, 2018 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910045957/https://venuesnow.com/news/detail/us-open-preview |url-status=dead }}</ref> The third largest court is the 8,125-seat Grandstand in the southwest corner of the grounds, which opened in 2016.<ref name="Raised">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/nyregion/how-the-roof-was-raised-at-arthur-ashe-stadium.html |title=How the Roof Was Raised at Arthur Ashe Stadium |author=David W. Dunlap |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 29, 2016 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112102854/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/nyregion/how-the-roof-was-raised-at-arthur-ashe-stadium.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Court 17 in the southeast corner of the grounds is the fourth largest stadium. It opened with temporary seating in 2011 and received its permanent seating the following year.<ref name="Court 17" /> It has a seating capacity of 2,800, all of which is general admission and not separately ticketed.<ref name="Court 17">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/05/sports/tennis/court-17-at-flushing-meadows-a-tiny-stage-for-big-tennis.html |title=A Tiny New Stage for High-Energy Tennis |author=Howard Beck |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-date=January 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115010106/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/05/sports/tennis/court-17-at-flushing-meadows-a-tiny-stage-for-big-tennis.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is nicknamed "The Pit", partly because the playing surface is sunk 8 feet into the ground.<ref name="Court 17" /><ref>Robson, Douglas. [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2011-08-29/New-show-court-draws-a-crowd-quietly/50181576/1 "New show court draws a crowd, quietly"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070839/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2011-08-29/New-show-court-draws-a-crowd-quietly/50181576/1 |date=March 4, 2016 }} ''[[USA Today]]'' (August 29, 2011)</ref> The total seating capacity for practice courts P1-P5 is 672 and for competition Courts 4–16 is 12,656, itemized as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hozinc.com/uso2018 |title=USTA Tennis Championships Magazine: 2018 US Open Edition |publisher=[[United States Tennis Association]] |volume=69 |number=13 |page=26 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027143340/http://www.hozinc.com/uso2018/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* Courts 11 & 12: 1,704 each
* Court 7: 1,494
* Court 5: 1,148
* Courts 10 & 13: 1,104 each
* Court 4: 1,066
* Court 6: 1,032
* Court 9: 624
* Courts 14 & 15: 502 each
* Courts 8 & 16: 336 each

All the courts used by the US Open are illuminated, allowing matches and television coverage to extend into the evening. 

===Surface===
From 1978 to 2019, the US Open was played on a [[hardcourt]] surface called Pro [[DecoTurf]]. It is a multi-layer cushioned surface and classified by the [[International Tennis Federation]] as medium-fast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/courts/classified-surfaces/about-court-pace-classification.aspx |title=About Court Pace Classification |publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]] |access-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121212202/https://www.itftennis.com/technical/courts/classified-surfaces/about-court-pace-classification.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Each August before the start of the tournament, the courts are resurfaced.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/08/sports/tennis/us-open-speed-bumps-on-a-hardcourt.html |title=Speed Bumps on a Hardcourt |author=Thomas Lin |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 7, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702164636/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/08/sports/tennis/us-open-speed-bumps-on-a-hardcourt.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2020, the USTA announced that [[Laykold]] would become the new court surface supplier beginning with the 2020 tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2020/03/us-open-changing-hard-court-brand-for-1st-time-since-1970s/88096/ |title=US Open Changing Hard-Court Brand for First Time since 1970S |agency=Associated Press |website=tennis.com |date=March 23, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127045532/https://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2020/03/us-open-changing-hard-court-brand-for-1st-time-since-1970s/88096/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2005, all US Open and US Open Series tennis courts have been painted a shade of blue (trademarked as "US Open Blue") inside the lines to make it easier for players, spectators, and television viewers to see the ball.<ref name="Surface" /> The area outside the lines is still painted "US Open Green".<ref name="Surface">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/08/21/how-us-open-makes-courts-colors-science |title=The science behind creating the U.S. Open courts and signature colors |author=Tim Newcomb |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=August 24, 2015 |access-date=December 10, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201342/https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/08/21/how-us-open-makes-courts-colors-science |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Player line call challenges===
In 2006, the US Open introduced [[instant replay]] reviews of line calls, using the [[Hawk-Eye]] computer system. It was the first Grand Slam tournament to use the system.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=January 11, 2007 |title=Australian Open Preview |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1577215,00.html |access-date=March 1, 2021 |magazine=TIME |publisher=Time Warner |quote=As seen at last year's U.S. Open and numerous events since, this is the best innovation in tennis since yellow balls. |archive-date=August 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811181908/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1577215,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Open felt the need to implement the system because of the controversial quarterfinal match at the [[2004 US Open (tennis)|2004 US Open]]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} between [[Serena Williams]] and [[Jennifer Capriati]], where a number of important line calls went against Williams.  Replays on TV showed these calls were incorrect, including one critical point in the match that was incorrectly overruled by the chair umpire.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/09/sports/tennis/williams-receives-apology-and-umpires-open-is-over.html |title=Williams Receives Apology, and Umpire's Open Is Over |author=Chris Broussard |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 9, 2004 |access-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525010950/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/09/sports/tennis/williams-receives-apology-and-umpires-open-is-over.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Instant replay was available only on the Arthur Ashe Stadium and Louis Armstrong Stadium courts through the 2008 tournament. In 2009, it became available on the Grandstand court.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} In 2018, all competition courts were outfitted with Hawk-Eye, and all matches in the main draws (Men's and Women's Singles and Doubles) followed the same procedure, whereby each player was allowed three incorrect challenges per set, with one more given in a tiebreak. Player challenges were eliminated in 2021, when the tournament became the second Grand Slam to fully incorporate Hawk-Eye Live, where all line calls are made electronically; the previous year's tournament had also incorporated Hawk-Eye Live on all courts except for Arthur Ashe and Louis Armstrong stadiums to reduce personnel during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2021 |title=US Open 2021: 'Hawk-Eye Live' replaces line judge as technology takes over US Open; officials reduced from 400 to 130 |url=https://www.insidesport.co/us-open-2021-hawk-eye-live-replaces-line-judge-as-technology-takes-over-us-open-officials-reduced-from-400-to-130/ |access-date=September 8, 2021 |website=InsideSport |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907095358/https://www.insidesport.co/us-open-2021-hawk-eye-live-replaces-line-judge-as-technology-takes-over-us-open-officials-reduced-from-400-to-130/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, [[JPMorgan Chase]] renewed its sponsorship of the US Open and, as part of the arrangement, the replay system was renamed to "Chase Review" on in-stadium video and television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/article/55967 |title=Chase signs mega renewal with Open |access-date=September 9, 2016 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213071804/https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>