Editing Turkic languages (section)

===Schema===
The following [[isogloss]]es are traditionally used in the classification of the Turkic languages:<ref>{{cite book|last=Самойлович|first=А. Н.|author-link=Alexander Samoylovich|year=1922|script-title=ru:Некоторые дополнения к классификации турецких языков|url=http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/|language=ru|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203843/http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="historyofturkic"/>
* '''[[Rhotacism (sound change)|Rhotacism]]''' (or in some views, zetacism), e.g. in the last consonant of the word for "nine" *'''tokkuz'''. This separates the Oghur branch, which exhibits /r/, from the rest of Turkic, which exhibits /z/. In this case, rhotacism refers to the development of *-/r/, *-/z/, and *-/d/ to /r/,*-/k/,*-/kh/ in this branch.<ref>Larry Clark, "Chuvash", in ''The Turkic Languages'', eds. Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (London–NY: Routledge, 2006), 434–452.</ref> See Antonov and Jacques (2012)<ref>Anton Antonov & Guillaume Jacques, [https://www.academia.edu/1495118/Turkic_kumus_silver_and_the_lambdaism_vs_sigmatism_debate "Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124038/https://www.academia.edu/1495118/Turkic_kumus_silver_and_the_lambdaism_vs_sigmatism_debate |date=15 January 2023 }}, ''Turkic Languages'' 15, no. 2 (2012): 151–70.</ref> on the debate concerning rhotacism and lambdacism in Turkic.
* '''Intervocalic *d''', e.g. the second consonant in the word for "foot" *hadaq
* '''Suffix-final -G''', e.g. in the suffix *lIG, in e.g. *tāglïg
Additional isoglosses include:
* '''Preservation of word initial *h''', e.g. in the word for "foot" *hadaq. This separates Khalaj as a peripheral language.
* '''Denasalisation of palatal *ń''', e.g. in the word for "moon", *āń
<div class="noprint">
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
!rowspan="3"|Isogloss
!colspan="17"|Common Turkic
!rowspan="2"|Oguric
|-
!colspan="6"|Siberian
!colspan="4"|Oghuz
!colspan="2"|Karluk
!colspan="3"|Kipchak
!Sayan
!Arghu
|-
!'''[[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]]'''
!'''[[Altay language|Altay]]'''
!'''[[Western Yugur language|Western Yugur]]'''
!'''[[Khakas language|Khakas]]'''
!'''[[Sakha language|Sakha/Yakut]]'''
!'''[[Fuyu Kyrgyz language|Fu-yü Gyrgys]]'''
!'''[[Turkish language|Turkish]]'''
!'''[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]'''
!'''[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]'''
![[Qashqai language|Qashqai]]
!'''[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]'''
!'''[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]'''
!'''[[Tatar language|Tatar]]'''
!'''[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]'''
!'''[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]'''
!'''[[Tuvan language|Tuvan]]'''
!'''[[Turkic Khalaj language|Khalaj]]'''
!'''[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]'''
|-
|'''z/r''' (''nine'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toquz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toɣus
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|dohghus
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toɣïs
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toɣus
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|doɣus
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|dokuz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|dokuz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|doqquz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|doqquz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toʻqqiz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toqquz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tuɣïz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toğyz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toɣuz
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tos
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|toqquz
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tăχăr
|-
|'''*h-''' (''foot'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|azaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|azaq
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ataχ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|azïχ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayak
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|aýak
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|oyoq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|aiaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|hadaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ura
|-
|'''*VdV''' (''foot'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|azaq
|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|azaχ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|hadaq
|style="background-color: #f0f1df"|azïχ
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayak
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|aýak
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|oyoq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|aiaq
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ayaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|hadaq
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ura
|-
|'''*-ɣ''' (''mountain'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tāɣ
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tū
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|taɣ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|taɣ
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tıa
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|daχ
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|dağ*
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|dag
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|dağ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|daɣ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|togʻ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tagh
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|taw
|style="background-color: #ece0f0"|tau
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tō
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|daɣ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tāɣ
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tu
|-
|'''suffix *-lïɣ''' (''mountainous'')
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tāɣlïɣ
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tūlu
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|taɣliɣ
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|χayalaaχ
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|daɣluɣ
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|dağlı
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|dagly
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|dağlı
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|daɣlïɣ
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|togʻlik
|style="background-color: #dff1e0"|taghliq
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tawlï
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tauly
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tōlū
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|
|style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|
|style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tullă
|}
</div>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In the standard Istanbul dialect of Turkish, the ''[[ğ]]'' in ''dağ'' and ''dağlı'' is not realized as a consonant, but as a slight lengthening of the preceding vowel.