Editing Tunnel (section)

=== Project planning and cost estimates ===
Government funds are often required for the creation of tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cord.edu/faculty/bfoss/ADVC20.htm |title=Capital Projects Funds |publisher=Cord.edu |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217080357/http://www.cord.edu/faculty/bfoss/ADVC20.htm |archive-date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> When a tunnel is being planned or constructed, economics and politics play a large factor in the decision making process. Civil engineers usually use [[project management]] techniques for developing a major structure. Understanding the amount of time the project requires, and the amount of labor and materials needed is a crucial part of project planning. The project duration must be identified using a [[work breakdown structure]] and [[critical path method]]. Also, the land needed for excavation and construction staging, and the proper machinery must be selected. Large infrastructure projects require millions or even billions of dollars, involving long-term financing, usually through issuance of [[Bond (finance)|bonds]].

The [[Cost–benefit analysis|costs and benefits]] for an infrastructure such as a tunnel must be identified. Political disputes can occur, as in 2005 when the US House of Representatives approved a $100 million federal grant to build a tunnel under New York Harbor. However, the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] was not aware of this bill and had not asked for a grant for such a project.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/nyregion/03rail.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first=Sewell | last=Chan | title=$100 Million for a Tunnel. What Tunnel? | date=3 August 2005}}</ref> Increased taxes to finance a large project may cause opposition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/infrastructure/encouraging-us-infrastructure-investment/p27771 |title=Encouraging U.S. Infrastructure Investment – Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523092826/http://www.cfr.org/infrastructure/encouraging-us-infrastructure-investment/p27771 |url-status=dead }}</ref>