Editing Tundra (section)

== Climatic classification ==
{{main|Tundra climate|Alpine climate}}
[[File:Kongsfjorden from Blomstrandhalvoja.jpg|thumb|right|Tundra region with fjords, glaciers and mountains. Kongsfjorden, [[Spitsbergen]].]]
Tundra climates ordinarily fit the [[Köppen climate classification]] ''ET'', signifying a local climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow ({{cvt|0|C}}), but no month with an average temperature in excess of {{cvt|10|C}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kottek |first1=Markus |last2=Grieser |first2=Jürgen |last3=Beck |first3=Christoph |last4=Rudolf |first4=Bruno |last5=Rubel |first5=Franz |year=2006 |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |journal=Meteorol. Z. |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–263 |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 |bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K |url=https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-400838}}</ref> The cold limit generally meets the ''EF'' climates of [[ice cap|permanent ice and snow]]s; the warm-summer limit generally corresponds with the poleward or altitudinal limit of trees,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://geodiode.com/climate/tundra |title=Tundra |website=geodiode.com|date=September 2011 }}</ref> where they grade into the [[subarctic climate]]s designated ''Dfd'', ''Dwd'' and ''Dsd'' (extreme winters as in parts of [[Siberia]]), ''Dfc'' typical in Alaska, Canada, mountain areas of [[Scandinavia]], [[European Russia]], and [[West Siberian Plain|Western Siberia]] (cold winters with months of freezing).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peel |first1=M.C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B.L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T.A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |s2cid=9654551|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ''ET'' category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided. Rainfall and snowfall are generally slight due to the low [[vapor pressure]] of water in the chilly atmosphere, but as a rule [[potential evapotranspiration]] is extremely low, allowing soggy terrain of swamps and bogs even in places that get precipitation typical of deserts of lower and middle latitudes.<ref name=NASA>{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php |title=Tundra |work=Earth Observatory |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref> The amount of native tundra biomass depends more on the local temperature than the amount of precipitation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keuper |first1=F. |last2=Parmentier |first2=F.J. |last3=Blok |first3=D. |last4=van Bodegom |first4=P.M. |last5=Dorrepaal |first5=E. |last6=van Hal |first6=J.R. |last7=van Logtestijn |first7=R.S. |last8=Aerts |first8=R. |title=Tundra in the rain: differential vegetation responses to three years of experimentally doubled summer precipitation in Siberian shrub and Swedish bog tundra |journal=Ambio |year=2012 |volume=41 Suppl 3(Suppl 3) |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=269–80 |doi=10.1007/s13280-012-0305-2 |pmid=22864700 |pmc=3535056|bibcode=2012Ambio..41S.269K }}</ref>