Editing Tribute (section)

== China ==
{{Main|Tributary system of China}}
{{See also|List of tributary states of China}}
China often received tribute from the states under the influence of Confucian [[civilization]] and gave them Chinese products and recognition of their authority and sovereignty in return. There were several tribute states to the Chinese-established empires throughout ancient history, including neighboring countries such as Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Borneo, Indonesia and Central Asia.<ref name="Lockard 2007" /> This tributary system and relationship are well known as [[Jimi system|Jimi]] ({{interlanguage link|羁縻|zh}}) or [[Cefeng]] ({{interlanguage link|冊封|zh}}), or [[Chaogong]] ({{interlanguage link|朝貢|zh}}). In Japanese, the tributary system and relationship is referred to as [[Shinkou]] ({{interlanguage link|進貢|ja}}), [[Sakuhou]] ({{interlanguage link|冊封|ja}}) and [[Choukou]] ({{interlanguage link|朝貢|ja}}).

According to the Chinese ''[[Book of Han]]'', the various tribes of [[Japan]] (constituting the nation of [[Wa (name of Japan)|Wa]]) had already entered into tributary relationships with China by the first century.<ref>''[[Book of the Later Han]]'', "會稽海外有東鯷人 分爲二十餘國"</ref> However, Japan ceased to present tribute to China and left the tributary system during the [[Heian period]] without damaging economic ties. Although Japan eventually returned to the tributary system during the [[Muromachi period]] in the reign of [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]], it did not recommence presenting tribute, and it did not last after Yoshimitsu's death (Note that Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was a [[Shogun]], hence technically, he was not the head of the state. Hence, this made him subordinate to both the [[emperor of Japan]] and the Chinese emperor at the same time. The Japanese emperor continued to refuse to join the tributary system).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97LTcTx8N98C&q=Japan%20Wei%20tribute&pg=PA40|title=The foundations of Japan's modernization: a comparison with China's path towards modernization|author=Yoda, Yoshiie|author2=Radtke, Kurt Werner|work=The Chinese Tribute System and Japan|publisher=Brill Publishers|year=1996|isbn=90-04-09999-9|pages=40–41|quote=King Na was awarded the seal of the Monarch of the Kingdom of Wa during the Chinese Han Dynasty, and [[Queen Himiko]], who had sent a tribute mission to the [[Cao Wei|Wei Dynasty]] (third century), was followed by the five kings of Wa who also offered to the Wei. This evidence points to the fact that at this period Japan was inside the Chinese tribute system. Japanese missions to the Sui (581-604) and Tang Dynasties were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute; however in the middle of ninth century - the early Heian period - Japan rescinded the sending missions to the Tang Empire.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinajapan.org/articles/15/mizuno15.108-144.pdf|title=China in Tokugawa Foreign Relations: The Tokugawa Bakufu's Perception of and Attitudes toward Ming-Qing China|author=Mizuno Norihito|year=2003|publisher=Ohio State University|pages=109|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908071246/http://chinajapan.org/articles/15/mizuno15.108-144.pdf|archive-date=2008-09-08|url-status=live|quote=It was not that Japan, as China’s neighbor, had had nothing to do with or been indifferent to hierarchical international relations when seeking relationships with China or the constituents of the Chinese world order. It had sporadically paid tribute to Chinese dynasties in ancient and medieval times but had usually not been a regular vassal state of China. It had obviously been one of the countries most reluctant to participate in the [[Sinocentrism|Sinocentric]] world order. Japan did not identify itself as a [[vassal state]] of China during most of its history, no matter how China saw it.}}</ref>

According to the Korean historical document ''[[Samguk Sagi]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=삼국사기|hanja=三國史記|rr=|mr=}}), [[Goguryeo]] sent a diplomatic representative to the Han dynasty in 32 AD, and [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]] officially acknowledged Goguryeo with a title.<ref>≪삼국사기≫에 의하면 32년(고구려 대무신왕 15)에 후한으로 사신을 보내어 조공을 바치니 후한의 광무제(光武帝)가 왕호를 회복시켜주었다는 기록이 있다 («Tang» 32 years, according to (Goguryeo Daemusin 15) sent ambassadors to the generous tribute to the Emperor Guangwu of Han Emperor in abundance (光武帝) gave evidence that can restore wanghoreul -- Google translation?)</ref> The tributary relationship between China and Korea was established during the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]],<ref name="Pratt, Rutt & Hoare 1999">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC&q=tribute+korea+china&pg=PA482|title=Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary|first1= Keith L. |last1=Pratt|first2= Richard|last2= Rutt|first3= James|last3= Hoare |publisher=Routledge|year= 1999 |isbn= 0-7007-0463-9|page=482}}</ref><ref>Kwak, Tae-Hwan ''et al.'' (2003). {{Google books|yIVXMjmKqHkC|''The Korean peace process and the four powers,'' p. 99.|page=99}}; excerpt, "Korea's tributary relations with China began as early as the fifth century, were regularized during the Goryeo dynasty (918-1392), and became fully institutionalized during the Yi dynasty (1392-1910)."</ref> but in practice it was only a diplomatic formality to strengthen legitimacy and gain access to cultural goods from China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Michael J. |title=A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present |date=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9780742567177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJtMGXyGlUEC&pg=PA43 |language=en |quote=During the fourth through sixth centuries the Korean states regularly sent tribute missions to states in China. While this in theory implied a submission to Chinese rulers, in practice it was little more than a diplomatic formality. In exchange, Korean rulers received symbols that strengthened their own legitimacy and a variety of cultural commodities: ritual goods, books, Buddhist scriptures, and rare luxury products.}}</ref> This continued under different dynasties and varying degrees until China's defeat in the [[First Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]] of 1894–1895.<ref name="Pratt, Rutt & Hoare 1999"/><ref>Kwak, {{Google books|yIVXMjmKqHkC|p. 100.|page=100}}; excerpt, "The tributary relations between China and Korea came to an end when China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895. In fact, the present North Korea is more or less serving as a tribute of China in the modern times;"</ref><ref>Lane, Roger. (2008). {{Google books|IvqVxwpDK2UC|''Encyclopedia Small Silver Coins,'' p. 331.|page=331}}</ref> 

The relationship between China and Vietnam was a "hierarchic tributary system".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=War, Rebellion, and Intervention under Hierarchy: Vietnam–China Relations, 1365 to 1841|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=63|pages=896–922|doi=10.1177/0022002718772345|year=2019|last1=Kang|first1=David C.|last2=Nguyen|first2=Dat X.|last3=Fu|first3=Ronan Tse-min|last4=Shaw|first4=Meredith|issue=4|s2cid=158733115}}</ref> China ended its suzerainty over Vietnam with the [[Treaty of Tientsin (1885)]] following the [[Sino-French War]]. [[Thailand]] was always subordinate to China as a vassal or a tributary state since the [[Sui dynasty]] until the [[Taiping Rebellion]] of the late [[Qing dynasty]] in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gambe|first1=Annabelle R.|title=Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825843861|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUfNRG8IR44C&q=Siam+subordinate+vassal+tributary|access-date=19 July 2016|language=en|year=2000}}</ref>

Some [[List of tributaries of China|tributaries of imperial China]] encompasses suzerain kingdoms from China in East Asia has been prepared.<ref>Gundry, R. S. "China and her Tributaries," {{Google books|xDUFAAAAQAAJ| ''National Review'' (United Kingdom), No. 17, July 1884, pp. 605-619.|page=605}}</ref> Before the 20th century, the geopolitics of East and Southeast Asia were influenced by the Chinese tributary system. This assured them their sovereignty and the system assured China the incoming of certain valuable assets. "The theoretical justification" for this exchange was the [[Mandate of Heaven]], that stated the fact that the emperor of China was empowered by the heavens to rule, and with this rule the whole mankind would end up being beneficiary of good deeds. Most of the Asian countries joined this system voluntary.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}