Editing Trabzon (section)

===Ottoman era===
{{Main|Trebizond Eyalet|Trebizond Vilayet}}
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 | image1 =Trebizond map.jpg
 | caption1 = The first known plan of Trebizond<!--Use old name-->, drawn around 1604–1610 by Julien Bordier. Many characteristics of the city can be recognized: the two streams dividing the central core, the separately walled quarters, the Genoese town next to the winter harbour, Haghia Sophia at the bottom right, and [[Boztepe hill, Trabzon|Boztepe hill]] at the top left.
 | image2 = Trebisonde (Relation d un voyage du Levant).jpg
 | caption2 = The first city-view of Trebizond<!--Use old name-->, published by [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] after a drawing by himself or his assistant [[Claude Aubriet]] during a visit in 1701. The view shows the city from Haghia Sophia in the distance all the way to the winter harbour. The drawing was made from Boztepe, which is still the most popular place to view the city. 
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The last Emperor of Trebizond, [[David of Trebizond|David]], surrendered the city to Sultan [[Mehmed II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1461.<ref name=Prothero23>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/23/}}</ref> Following this takeover, Mehmed II sent many Turkish settlers into the area, but the old ethnic [[Greeks|Greek]], [[Laz people|Laz]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] communities remained. According to the Ottoman tax books (''[[tahrir defterleri]]''), the total population of taxable adult males (only those with a household) in the city was 1,473 in the year 1523.<ref name="Modern Times page 27/28">''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times'', Richard G. Hovannisian, page 27/28, 2004</ref> The total population of the city was much higher. Approximately 85% of the population was Christian, and 15% Muslim. Thirteen percent of the adult males belonged to the Armenian community, while the vast majority of Christians were Greeks.<ref name="Modern Times page 27/28"/> However, a significant portion of the local Christians were [[Islamization|Islamized]] by the end of the 17th century - especially those outside the city - according to a research by Prof. [[Halil İnalcık]] on the Ottoman tax books (''[[tahrir defterleri]]''). Between 1461 and 1598 Trabzon remained the administrative center of the wider region; first as 'sanjac center' of [[Rum Eyalet]], later of [[Erzincan-Bayburt eyalet]], [[Anadolu Eyalet]], and [[Erzurum Eyalet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofhayrat.com/news_print.php?id=4895|title=Haber Yazdır : Trabzon'un fethi araştırmaları ve 15 ağustos 1461 – Of hayrat haberleri|website=www.OfHayrat.com|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>

In 1598 it became the capital of its own province - the [[Trebizond Eyalet|Eyalet of Trebizond]] - which in 1867 became the [[Trebizond Vilayet|Vilayet of Trebizond]]. During the reign of Sultan [[Bayezid II]], his son [[Selim I|Prince Selim]] (later Sultan [[Selim I]]) was the [[Sanjak-bey]] of Trabzon, and Selim I's son [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] was born in Trabzon in 1494. The Ottoman government often appointed local [[Chepni people|Chepni Turks]] and [[Laz people|Laz]] [[bey]]s as the regional [[beylerbey]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} It is also recorded that some [[Bosniaks]] were appointed by the [[Sublime Porte]] as the regional beylerbeys in Trabzon.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The Eyalet of Trabzon had always sent troops for the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman campaigns in Europe]] during the 16th and 17th centuries.

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 | image1 =Meydan Trebizond.jpg
 | caption1 = Trebizond<!--Use old name--> ''Meydan'' around 1868, [[Dmitri Ivanovich Yermakov]]
 | image2 = Public funeral in Trebizond.jpg
 | caption2 =Men and woman gathered for the funeral of an Armenian cleric. Hatchik Tcholakian, 1892.
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Trebizond<!--Use old name--> had a wealthy merchant class during the late Ottoman period, and the local Christian minority had a substantial influence in terms of culture, economy and politics. A number of European consulates were opened in the city due to its importance in regional trade and commerce. In the first half of the 19th century, Trebizond even became the main port for Persian exports. The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] greatly diminished the international trading position of the city, but did not halt the economic development of the region. In the last decades of the 19th century, the city saw some demographic changes. As the population of the province greatly expanded due to increased living standards, many families and young men - mostly [[Christians]], but also some Jews and Greek or Turkish speaking Muslims - chose to migrate to the Crimea and southern Ukraine, in search for farmland or employment in one of the cities which had been newly established there. Among these migrants were the grandparents of [[Bob Dylan]]<ref>{{Cite book|first=Howard|last=Sounes|title=Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan|publisher=Grove Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8021-1686-4|url=https://archive.org/details/downhighwaylifeo0000soun}} At pages 12-13.</ref> and Greek politicians and artists. Many Christian and Muslim families from Trabzon also moved to Constantinople, where they established businesses or sought employment - such as the grandfather of [[Ahmet Ertegün]]. These migrants were active in a wide range of trades including baking, confection, tailoring, carpentry, education, advocacy, politics and administration. The influence of this diaspora has since continued, and can still be seen in the many restaurants and shops in cities around the Black Sea in the 21st century such as in Istanbul, [[Odesa]] and [[Mariupol]]. At the same time, thousands of Muslim refugees from the Caucasus arrived in the city, especially after 1864, in what is known as the [[Circassian genocide]].

Next to Constantinople, [[Smyrna]] (now [[İzmir]]) and Salonika<!--In English, it was called Salonika--> (now [[Thessaloniki]]), Trebizond was one of the cities where western cultural and technological innovations were first introduced to the Ottoman Empire. In 1835, the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]] opened the Trebizond Mission station that it occupied from 1835 to 1859 and from 1882 to at least 1892.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rev. M. P. Parmalee|title=Proceedings of the ABCFM for the year 1892|date=1892|publisher=Samuel Usher|location=Boston|page=229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8sWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22P.+O.+Powers%22+%22G.+W.+Wood%22&pg=PA229|access-date=1 May 2017|quote=Trebizond was occupied as a missionary station in 1835... The following is a list of missionaries who have been connected with the station for at least one year:  ... Rev. [[George Warren Wood|G. W. Wood]], 1842 – 1843"}}</ref>  Hundreds of schools were constructed in the province during the first half of the 19th century, giving the region one of the highest literacy rates of the empire. First, the Greek community set up their schools, but soon the Muslim and Armenian communities followed. International schools were also established in the city; An American school, five French schools, a Persian school and a number of Italian schools were opened in the second half of the 19th century.<ref>[https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/68645/03.pdf The constitutional revolution of 1908 and its aftermath in Trabzon] Ahmetoglu, S., 2019, p.127-128, Doctoral Thesis, Leiden University</ref> The city got a post office in 1845. New churches and mosques were built in the second half of the 19th century, as well as the first theater, public and private printing houses, multiple photo studios and banks. The oldest known photographs of the city center date from the 1860s and depict one of the last [[camel train]]s from Persia.

Between one and two thousand Armenians are believed to have been killed in the Trebizond [[vilayet]] during the [[Hamidian massacres]] of 1895. While this number was low in comparison to other Ottoman provinces, its impact on the Armenian community in the city was large. Many prominent Armenian residents, among them scholars, musicians, photographers and painters, decided to migrate towards the Russian Empire or France. The large Greek population of the city was not affected by the massacre.<ref>Rev. Edwin Munsell Blis on the Hamidian Massacres in 'Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection', 2014, p. 147, Paul R. Bartrop & Steven Leonard Jacobs (eds)</ref> [[Ivan Aivazovsky]] made the painting ''Massacre of the Armenians in Trebizond 1895'' based on the events.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Davidian, Vazken Khatchig|url=https://journals.openedition.org/eac/1815|title=Image of an Atrocity: Ivan (Hovhannes) Aivazovsky's ''Massacre of the Armenians in Trebizond 1895''|journal=[[Études Arméniennes Contemporaines]]|year=2018|issue=11|pages=40–73|doi=10.4000/eac.1815|doi-access=free}}</ref> Due to the high number of Western Europeans in the city, news from the region was being reported on in many European newspapers. These western newspapers were in turn also very popular among the residents of the city.

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'''Ottoman era paintings and drawings of Trebizond'''
<gallery>
File:Ivan Aivazovsky Trebizond 1865.jpg|Trebizond from the sea by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]]
File:Harbour Trebizond C. Lapante HQ.jpg|Engraving of the port at Çömlekçi by C. Lapante
File:Durand-Brager 3.jpg|Trebizond by [[Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager]]
File:Port of Trebizond Y.M. Tadevossian.jpg|Trebizond from the sea by [[Yeghishe Tadevosyan]]
File:Trebizond Godfrey Thomas Vigne (1833).jpg|Trebizond from the south by [[Godfrey Vigne]]
File:Quarantine station at Trebizond by Jules Laurens.jpg|The quarantine station by [[Jules Laurens]]
File:Trebizond 'East town' 1922.jpg|Street view by [[Nikolay Lanceray]]
</gallery>
{{wide image|Trebizond lithograph.jpg|900px|Lithograph of Trebizond<!--old name--> from the sea by the [[Lowes Cato Dickinson|Dickinson Brothers]] of London, 1853. It shows the city from 'Khonsi point' at the left to Platana (Akçaabat) at the right. This is the first impression most European travellers got of the city (in good weather) until the second half of the 20th century.}}