Editing Tourism (section)

== History ==
===Ancient===
{{see also|Travel literature}}Travel outside a person's local area for leisure was largely confined to wealthy classes, who at times travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings and works of art, [[multilingualism|learn new languages]], experience new cultures, enjoy pristine nature and to taste different [[cuisine]]s. As early as [[Shulgi]], however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building way stations for travellers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFWjoeVCLk0C|title=Introduction To Tourism|last=Jayapalan|first=N.|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-977-9|language=en}}</ref> Travelling for pleasure can be seen in [[Egypt]] as early on as 1500 BC.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Casson|first1=Lionel|title=Travel in the Ancient World|date=1994|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|page=32}}</ref> [[Tourism in ancient Rome|Ancient Roman tourists]] during the [[Roman Republic|Republic]] would visit [[spa]]s and coastal resorts such as [[Baiae]]. They were popular among the rich. The Roman upper class used to spend their free time on land or at sea and travelled to their {{Lang|la|villa urbana}} or {{Lang|la|villa maritima}}. Numerous villas were located in [[Campania]], around [[Rome]] and in the northern part of the Adriatic as in [[Barcola]] near Trieste. [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] wrote his ''[[Description of Greece]]'' in the second century AD. In [[ancient China]], nobles sometimes made a point of visiting [[Mount Tai]] and, on occasion, all [[five Sacred Mountains]].

===Medieval===
[[File:"A Tour Guide to the Famous Places of the Capital" from Akizato Rito's Miyako meisho zue (1787).jpg|thumb|A Japanese tourist consulting a tour guide and a guide book from Akizato Ritō's ''Miyako meisho zue'' (1787)]]By the [[post-classical]] era, many religions, including [[Christian pilgrimage|Christianity]], [[Buddhist pilgrimage|Buddhism]], and [[Umrah|Islam]] had developed traditions of [[pilgrimage]]. ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' ({{Circa|1390s}}), which uses a pilgrimage as a [[framing device]], remains a classic of [[English literature]], and ''[[Journey to the West]]'' ({{Circa|1592}}), which holds a seminal place in [[Chinese literature]], has a Buddhist pilgrimage at the center of its narrative.

In [[medieval Italy]], [[Petrarch]] wrote an allegorical account of his 1336 [[ascent of Mont Ventoux]] that praised the act of travelling and criticized {{Lang|la|frigida incuriositas}} (a 'cold lack of curiosity'); this account is regarded as one of the first known instances of travel being undertaken for its own sake.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cassirer |first=Ernst |date=January 1943 |title=Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance |jstor=2707236 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=49–74 |doi=10.2307/2707236|issn=0022-5037 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/petrarch-ventoux.asp |title=Petrarch: The Ascent of Mount Ventoux |last1=Halsall |first1=Paul |date=August 1998 |website=fordham.edu |publisher=Fordham University |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref> The [[Duke of Burgundy|Burgundian]] poet {{Interlanguage link|Michault Taillevent|fr}} later composed his own horrified recollections of a 1430 trip through the [[Jura Mountains]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yqsIYSNmLMC&pg=PA32 | title=Un poète bourguignon du XVe siècle, Michault Taillevent: édition et étude | publisher=Librairie Droz |author1=Deschaux, Robert |author2=Taillevent, Michault | year=1975 | pages=31–32| isbn=978-2-600-02831-8 }}</ref>

In China, 'travel record literature' ({{lang-zh|t=遊記文學|hp=yóujì wénxué|labels=no}}) became popular during the [[Song Dynasty]] (960–1279).<ref name="hargett 67">Hargett 1985, p. 67.</ref> Travel writers such as [[Fan Chengda]] (1126–1193) and [[Xu Xiake]] (1587–1641) incorporated a wealth of [[geographical]] and [[topographical]] information into their writing, while the 'daytrip essay' ''[[Su Shi#Travel record literature|Record of Stone Bell Mountain]]'' by the noted poet and statesman [[Su Shi]] (1037–1101) presented a philosophical and moral argument as its central purpose.
<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Hargett|first1= James M. |year=1985 |title= Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960-1279)|journal= Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews|volume= 7|issue= 1/2|pages=67–93 |jstor=495194 |doi= 10.2307/495194}}</ref>

===Grand Tour===
{{See also|Grand Tour}}
[[File:Willem van Haecht Władysław Vasa.JPG|thumb|Prince Ladislaus Sigismund of Poland visiting Gallery of [[Cornelis van der Geest]] in [[Brussels]] in 1624]]

Modern tourism can be traced to what was known as the [[Grand Tour]], which was a traditional trip around [[Europe]] (especially [[Germany]] and [[Italy]]), undertaken by mainly [[Upper class|upper-class]] European young men of means, mainly from Western and Northern European countries. In 1624, the young Prince of [[Poland]], [[Władysław IV Vasa|Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa]], the eldest son of [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]], embarked on a journey across Europe, as was in [[Norm (sociology)|custom]] among Polish nobility.<ref name="wladcy12b">[[Tomasz Bohun]], ''Podróże po Europie'', ''Władysław IV Wasa'', Władcy Polski, p. 12</ref> He travelled through territories of today's Germany, [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], where he admired the [[Siege of Breda (1624)|siege of Breda]] by [[Spain|Spanish]] forces, [[France]], [[Switzerland]] to Italy, [[Austria]], and the [[Czech Republic]].<ref name="wladcy12b" /> It was an educational journey<ref>{{cite web |author=Adam Kucharski |title=Dyplomacja i turystyka&nbsp;– królewicz Władysław Waza w posiadłościach hiszpańskich (1624–1625) |url=http://www.wilanow-palac.art.pl/dyplomacja_i_turystyka_krolewicz_wladyslaw_waza_w_posiadlosciach_hiszpanskich_1624_1625.html |work=Silva Rerum |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814040300/http://www.wilanow-palac.art.pl/dyplomacja_i_turystyka_krolewicz_wladyslaw_waza_w_posiadlosciach_hiszpanskich_1624_1625.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and one of the outcomes was introduction of [[Polish opera|Italian opera]] in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref>''The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera'', ed. [[Roger Parker]] (1994): a chapter on Central and Eastern European opera by John Warrack, p. 240; ''The Viking Opera Guide'', ed. Amanda Holden (1993): articles on Polish composers, p. 174</ref>

The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale [[rail transport|rail]] transit in the 1840s and generally followed a standard [[Travel itinerary|itinerary]]. It was an educational opportunity and [[rite of passage]]. Though primarily associated with the [[British nobility]] and wealthy [[landed gentry]], similar trips were made by wealthy young men of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Northern Europe]]an nations on the [[Continental Europe|Continent]], and from the second half of the 18th century some South American, US, and other overseas youth joined in. The tradition was extended to include more of the [[middle class]] after rail and steamship travel made the journey easier, and [[Thomas Cook & Son|Thomas Cook]] made the "Cook's Tour" a byword.

The Grand Tour became a status symbol for upper-class students in the 18th and 19th centuries. In this period, [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]]'s theories about the supremacy of classic culture became very popular and appreciated in the European academic world. Artists, writers, and travellers (such as [[Goethe]]) affirmed the supremacy of classic art of which Italy, France, and [[Greece]] provide excellent examples. For these reasons, the Grand Tour's main destinations were to those centers, where upper-class students could find rare examples of classic art and history.

''[[The New York Times]]'' recently described the Grand Tour in this way:

{{Blockquote|text=Three hundred years ago, wealthy young Englishmen began taking a post-[[Oxbridge]] trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the roots of [[Western culture|Western civilization]]. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and months (or years) to roam, they [[Commission (art)|commissioned paintings]], perfected their language skills and mingled with the upper crust of the Continent.|sign=Gross, Matt.|source=[http://frugaltraveler.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/05/lesons-from-the-frugal-grand-tour/index.html Lessons From the Frugal Grand Tour]." ''New York Times'' 5 September 2008.}}

The primary value of the Grand Tour, it was believed, laid in the exposure both to the cultural legacy of [[classical antiquity]] and the [[Renaissance]], and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent.

===Emergence of leisure travel===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2013}}
[[File:Alsfeld-marktplatz-1900.jpg|223x223px|English postcard of the old town of [[Alsfeld]] in Germany, with tourists on the market square|thumb]]
[[File:Banja_Slatina_ljeto.jpg|223x223px|The Slatina Spa in [[Slatina, Foča|Slatina]], Bosnia and Herzegovina, is famous for its characteristics and had attracted tourists since 1870s.|thumb]]

[[Leisure]] travel was associated with the [[Industrial Revolution]] in the [[United Kingdom]]{{spaced ndash}}the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population.<ref name="singh">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=L.K.|title=Fundamental of Tourism and Travel|year=2008|publisher=Isha Books|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-8205-478-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWf4PtzRmwUC&q=the%20first%20European%20country%20to%20promote%20leisure%20time%20to%20the%20increasing%20industrial%20population&pg=PA189|page=189|chapter=Issues in Tourism Industry}}</ref> Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, factory owners and traders. These comprised the new [[middle class]].<ref name="singh" /> [[Cox & Kings]] was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coxandkings.co.uk/aboutus-history.aspx|title=History: Centuries of Experience|publisher=[[Cox & Kings]]|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-date=25 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525050010/http://www.coxandkings.co.uk/aboutus-history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In [[Nice]], France, one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the [[French Riviera]], the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the ''[[Promenade des Anglais]]''; in many other historic resorts in [[continental Europe]], old, well-established palace hotels have names like the ''[[Hotel Bristol]]'', ''Hotel Carlton'', or ''Hotel Majestic''{{spaced ndash}}reflecting the dominance of English customers.

A pioneer of the travel agency business, [[Thomas Cook]]'s idea to offer excursions came to him while waiting for the stagecoach on the London Road at [[Kibworth]]. With the opening of the extended [[Midland Counties Railway]], he arranged to take a group of 540 [[Temperance Movement|temperance campaigners]] from [[Leicester]] [[Leicester Campbell Street railway station|Campbell Street station]] to a rally in [[Loughborough]], {{convert|11|mi|km|spell=in}} away. On 5 July 1841, Thomas Cook arranged for the rail company to charge one [[shilling]] per person; this included rail tickets and food for the journey. Cook was paid a share of the fares charged to the passengers, as the railway tickets, being legal contracts between company and passenger, could not have been issued at his own price.{{clarify|date=April 2017}} This was the first privately chartered [[excursion train]] to be advertised to the general public; Cook himself acknowledged that there had been previous, unadvertised, private excursion trains.<ref>Ingle, R., 1991 ''Thomas Cook of Leicester'', Bangor, Headstart History</ref> During the following three summers he planned and conducted outings for temperance societies and [[Sunday school]] children. In 1844, the Midland Counties Railway Company agreed to make a permanent arrangement with him, provided he found the passengers. This success led him to start his own business running rail excursions for pleasure, taking a percentage of the railway fares.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thomascook.com/thomas-cook-history/|title=Thomas Cook History|website=Thomas Cook |access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919024847/https://www.thomascook.com/thomas-cook-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1855, he planned his first excursion abroad, when he took a group from Leicester to [[Calais]] to coincide with the [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|Paris Exhibition]]. The following year he started his "grand circular tours" of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thomascook.com/thomas-cook-history/key-dates/|title=Key Dates 1841–2014 |website=Thomas Cook |access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015222/https://www.thomascook.com/thomas-cook-history/key-dates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the 1860s he took parties to Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, and the United States. Cook established "inclusive independent travel", whereby the traveller went independently but his agency charged for travel, food, and accommodation for a fixed period over any chosen route. Such was his success that the Scottish railway companies withdrew their support between 1862 and 1863 to try the excursion business for themselves.