Editing Tora! Tora! Tora! (section)

==Production==
[[File:Mitsubishi A6M Zero Replica.jpg|thumb|The [[North American T-6 Texan]] stood in for the [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] as there were no airworthy types at that time. Only Zeros from the carrier ''Akagi'' were depicted, identifiable by the single red band on the rear fuselage.]]
[[File:Aichi D3A Replica Airshow.jpg|thumb|[[Aichi D3A]] replica at the Geneseo Airshow. In 1968 a [[Vultee BT-13 Valiant]] (N56867) was converted to a Val replica for use in the filming of the movie ''Tora! Tora! Tora!'', flown as Val "AI-244" from the carrier ''Akagi''.]]
[[File:Japanese Kate (2783320658).jpg|thumb|[[Nakajima B5N]] replica modified from a T-6 for the movie ''Tora! Tora! Tora!'']]
[[File:P-40 movie prop at Wheeler.jpg|thumb|A number of [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]] [[mockup]]s were blown up during filming. This example, which was spared destruction, is currently on display at [[Wheeler Army Airfield]], with markings identical to those of 2nd Lt [[George Welch (pilot)|George Welch]].<ref name="Historic P-40 aircraft returns to 'action' near Kawamura Gate">Doane, Loran. [https://www.army.mil/article/9898/Historic_P_40_aircraft_returns_to___039_action__039__near_Kawamura_Gate/ "Historic P-40 aircraft returns to 'action' near Kawamura Gate."] ''United States Arm'', June 12, 2008. Retrieved: March 22, 2013.</ref>]]
[[File:USS Nevada (replica).jpg|thumb|Replica models like this {{frac|1|15}} scale {{USS|Nevada|BB-36|6}} were used for the overhead shots of [[Battleship Row]]. The model survives today in [[Los Angeles]] and often appears at local parades.<ref name="Room in San Pedro? Veterans seek home for USS Nevada model">{{citation|title = Room in San Pedro? Veterans seek home for USS Nevada model|url = http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20160124/room-in-san-pedro-veterans-seek-home-for-uss-nevada-model|publisher = The Daily Breeze|date = 24 Jan 2016|access-date = 3 Apr 2016}}</ref>]]
Veteran [[20th Century Fox]] executive [[Darryl F. Zanuck]], who had earlier produced ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]'' (1962), wanted to create an epic that depicted what "really happened on December 7, 1941", with a "revisionist's approach". He believed that the commanders in Hawaii, [[Walter Short|General Short]] and [[Husband E. Kimmel|Admiral Kimmel]], though scapegoated for decades, provided adequate defensive measures for the apparent threats, including relocation of the fighter aircraft at Pearl Harbor to the middle of the base, in response to fears of sabotage from local Japanese. Despite a breakthrough in intelligence, they had received limited warning of the increasing risk of aerial attack.<ref name="Parish p. 411" /> Recognizing that a balanced and objective recounting was necessary, Zanuck developed an American-Japanese co-production, allowing for "a point of view from both nations".<ref name="Orriss pp. 194–195" /> He was helped out by his son, [[Richard D. Zanuck]], who was chief executive at Fox during this time.

Production on ''Tora! Tora! Tora!'' took three years to plan and prepare for the eight months of [[principal photography]].<ref name="Orriss pp. 194–195">[[#refOrriss1984|Orriss 1984]], pp. 194–195.</ref> The film was created in two separate productions, one based in the United States, directed by Richard Fleischer, and one based in Japan.<ref name="Galbraith p. 156" /> The Japanese side was initially to be directed by [[Akira Kurosawa]], who worked on script development and [[pre-production]] for two years. However, after two weeks of shooting, he was replaced by [[Toshio Masuda (director)|Toshio Masuda]] and [[Kinji Fukasaku]], who directed the Japanese sections.<ref name="Galbraith p. 156">[[#refGalbraith2002|Galbraith 2002]], p. 156.</ref><ref>Friis, Christian. [https://www.angelfire.com/film/pearlharbormovies/tora.html "Tora! Tora! Tora!, Twentieth Century Fox, 1970".] ''Pearl Harbor in the Movies, what to see...'', November 5, 2002. Retrieved: May 5, 2009.</ref> [[Toshiro Mifune]] reportedly had been scheduled to play Yamamoto but withdrew when Kurosawa left the project.

Richard Fleischer said of Akira Kurosawa's role in the project:
{{blockquote|Well, I always thought that even though Kurosawa was a genius at film-making and indeed he was, I sincerely believe that he was miscast for this film, this was not his type of film to make, he never made anything like it and it just wasn't his style. I felt he was not only uncomfortable directing this kind of movie but also he wasn't used to having somebody tell him how he should make his film. He always had complete autonomy, and nobody would dare make a suggestion to Kurosawa about the budget, or shooting schedule, or anything like that. And then here he was, with Darryl Zanuck on his back and Richard Zanuck on him and Elmo Williams and the production managers, and it was all stuff that he never had run into before, because he was always untouchable. I think he was getting more and more nervous and more insecure about how he was going to work on this film. And of course, the press got a hold of a lot of this unrest on the set and they made a lot out of that in Japan, and it was more pressure on him, and he wasn't used to that kind of pressure.<ref>Galbraith, Stewart. "[[Stuart Galbraith IV]] interview of Richard Fleischer." ''Tora! Tora! Tora! DVD commentary.'' Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Inc., 2001, Time stamp: 26:17–27:47.</ref>}}

Larry Forrester and frequent Kurosawa collaborators [[Hideo Oguni]] and [[Ryūzō Kikushima]] wrote the screenplay, based on books written by [[Ladislas Farago]] and [[Gordon Prange]] of the [[University of Maryland]], who served as a technical consultant. Numerous technical advisors on both sides, some of whom had participated in the battle and/or planning, were crucial in maintaining the accuracy of the film. [[Minoru Genda]], the man who largely planned and led the attack on Pearl Harbor, was an uncredited technical advisor for the film.<ref name="Parish p. 411">[[#refParish1990|Parish 1990]], p. 411.</ref>

Four cinematographers were involved in the main photography: [[Charles F. Wheeler]], [[Shinsaku Himeda]], [[Masamichi Satoh]], and [[Osamu Furuya]].<ref name="ASC">[http://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/March2012/DVDPlayback/page3.php "DVD Playback: 'Tora! Tora! Tora!'."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528051202/http://www.theasc.com/ac_magazine/March2012/DVDPlayback/page3.php |date=2013-05-28 }} ''ASC Magazine'', March 2012. Retrieved: January 19, 2013.</ref> They were jointly nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography]]. A number of well-known cameramen also worked on the [[second unit]]s without credit, including [[Thomas Del Ruth]] and Rexford Metz.<ref name="ASC" /> The second unit doing miniature photography was directed by [[Ray Kellogg (director)|Ray Kellogg]], while the second unit doing aerial sequences was directed by Robert Enrietto.

Noted composer [[Jerry Goldsmith]] composed the film score and [[Robert McCall (artist)|Robert McCall]] painted several scenes for various posters of the film.<ref>Hanson, David. [http://www.daveswarbirds.com/tora/artwork.htm "Artwork for 'Tora! Tora! Tora!'".] ''Dave's Warbirds'', July 16, 2008. Retrieved: May 5, 2009.</ref>

The carrier entering Pearl Harbor towards the end of the film was in fact the {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier}} {{USS|Kearsarge|CV-33|6}}, returning to port. The "Japanese" aircraft carrier was the anti-submarine carrier {{USS|Yorktown|CVS-10|6}}, fitted with a false bow to disguise the catapults. The Japanese [[A6M Zero]] fighters and the somewhat longer "Kate" torpedo bombers or "Val" dive bombers were heavily modified [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] Harvard ([[T-6 Texan]]) and [[BT-13 Valiant]] pilot training aircraft. The large fleet of Japanese aircraft was created by [[Lynn Garrison]], a well-known aerial action coordinator, who produced a number of conversions. Garrison and Jack Canary coordinated the actual engineering work at facilities in the Los Angeles area. These aircraft still make appearances at air shows.<ref>[http://www.toratoratora.com/ "Tora! Tora! Tora!"] ''Commemorative Air Force.'' Retrieved: February 12, 2012.</ref>

For the parallel filming in Japan, full-scale mock-ups of the Japanese battleship {{ship|Japanese battleship|Nagato||2}} and aircraft carrier {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}} were built from the waterline up on shore, with about {{convert|90|ft|m}} of their bows extending out over the ocean on stilts. These were used for much of the Japanese scenes on ship's decks. The one error introduced, however, was that the model ''Akagi''{{'}}s bridge was built on the starboard side instead of the port side. Only two Japanese carriers were built in this fashion, with bridges on the port side: ''Akagi'' and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryū||2}}. This was done because it was known that for the launching scenes filmed in the US, a US carrier would be used, and the islands of US carriers were always on the starboard side. A few of the modified aircraft were also converted in Japan for the flight scenes filmed there.

In preparation for filming, ''Yorktown'' was berthed at [[NAS North Island]] in San Diego to load all the aircraft, maintenance, and film crew prior to sailing to Hawaii. The night before filming the "Japanese" take-off scenes, she sailed to a spot a few miles west of San Diego, and at dawn the film crew filmed the launches of all the aircraft. Since these "Japanese" aircraft were not actual carrier-based aircraft, they did not have [[arresting gear]] with which to land back on the carrier and so continued on to land at North Island Naval Air Station. ''Yorktown'' sailed back to North Island and re-loaded the aircraft. She then sailed to Hawaii, where the aircraft were off-loaded and used to film the attack scenes in and around Pearl Harbor. Aircraft Specialties of Mesa, Arizona, performed maintenance on the aircraft while in Hawaii.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}<!-- The whole paragraph -->

The actual crash landing of a [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]] during filming, a result of a jammed landing gear, was used in the final cut.<ref>http://ww2f.com/threads/about-tora-tora-tora.16059/. Retrieved February 6, 2019. B-17G-110-VE, 44-85840, c/n 8749, the B-17 in question, was a converted water bomber that crashed fighting a forest fire in Nevada three years later.</ref> The film crew received word that one of the B-17s could not lower its starboard landing gear, so they quickly set up to film the "single gear" landing. The aircraft stayed aloft to use up as much fuel as possible prior to landing, which gave the film crew some time to prepare. After viewing the "single gear" landing footage, they decided to include it in the movie. In the sequence depicting the crash, only the final crash was actual footage. For the scenes leading up to the crash, they manually retracted the starboard landing gear on a functioning B-17 and filmed the scenes of its final approach. After touching down on one wheel, the pilot simply applied power and took off again. The B-17 that actually landed with one gear up sustained only minor damage to the starboard wing and propellers and was repaired and returned to service. A total of five Boeing B-17s were obtained for filming. Other U.S. aircraft included the [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]] and, especially, the [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]] (two flyable examples were used). Predominantly, P-40 fighter aircraft were used to depict the U.S. defenders with a full-scale P-40 used as a template for fiberglass replicas (some with working engines and props) that were strafed and blown up during filming.<ref>[[#refHathaway1969|Hathaway 1969]], p. 52.</ref> Fleischer also said a scene involving a P-40 model crashing into the middle of a line of P-40s was unintended, as it was supposed to crash at the end of the line. The stuntmen involved in the scene were actually running for their lives.<ref name="O'Hara p. 23">[[#refO'Hara1969|O'Hara 1969]], p. 23.</ref> The B-17 crash along with several other scenes were reused in the 1976 film ''[[Midway (1976 film)|Midway]]''.

With over 30 aircraft in the air, the flying scenes were complex to shoot, comparable to the 1969 film ''[[Battle of Britain (film)|Battle of Britain]]'' where large formations of period-specific aircraft were filmed in staged aerial battles.<ref>Orris 1984, pp. 196–197.</ref> The 2001 film ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' would use some of the same modified aircraft.<ref>Orriss 2014, p. 234.</ref>

=== Casting ===
The film was deliberately cast with actors who were not true box-office stars, including many Japanese amateurs, in order to place the emphasis on the story rather than the actors who were in it.<ref>Steffen, James. [https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/93648/tora-tora-tora#articles-reviews "Tora, Tora, Tora."] ''Turner Classic Movies.'' Retrieved: February 12, 2012.</ref>

Several members of the cast had themselves served in [[World War II]].
{| class="wikitable"
|- "
!Actor
!Service
!Notes
|-
|Martin Balsam
|[[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]]
|[[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|B-24]] radio operator
|-
|James Whitmore
|[[United States Marine Corps Reserve|Marine Corps]]
|Lieutenant
|-
|Jason Robards
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] 
|{{USS|Northampton|CA-26|6}} and {{USS|Nashville|CL-43|6}}
|-
|Wesley Addy
|[[United States Army|Army]]
|
|-
|Norman Alden
|Army
|
|-
|Frank Aletter
|Army
|
|-
|Richard Anderson
|Army
|
|-
|Keith Andes
|Army Air Forces
|
|-
|Edward Andrews
|Army
|Captain, awarded [[Bronze Star Medal]]
|-
|Neville Brand
|Army
|Earned a [[Purple Heart]] and [[Silver Star]]
|-
|Walter Brooke
|Army
|
|-
|Paul Frees
|Army
|Wounded in combat on [[Normandy landings|D-Day]]
|-
|G.D. Spradlin
|Army Air Forces
|
|-
|[[Arthur Tovey]]
|Army
|
|-
|Harlan Warde
|Army
|[[United States Army Special Forces|Special Forces]]
|-
|Bill Zuckert
|Navy
|[[Seabee|Construction Battalion ("Seabees")]]
|}

Some crew members also served in the war.
{| class="wikitable"
|- "
!Crew member
!Credited as
!Service
!Notes
|-
|Richard Fleischer
|Director / Producer
|Army
|
|-
|Darryl F. Zanuck
|Executive producer
|Army
|Colonel, [[United States Army Signal Corps|Army Signal Corps]]. Also served in [[World War I]].
|-
|Charles F. Wheeler
|Cinematographer
|Navy
|[[War photography|Combat photographer]]
|-
|Gordon W. Prange
|Author / Technical consultant
|Navy
|Chief Historian in General [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s staff
|}

Some cast members served before or after World War II.
{| class="wikitable"
|- "
!Actor
!Service
!Engagements
!Notes
|-
|Leon Ames
|Army / [[United States Army Air Service|Army Air Service]]
|[[World War I]]
|Field artillery and later in the flying corps
|-
|Ron Masak
|Army
|
|
|-
|[[Jamie Farr]] <small>(uncredited voice acting)</small>
|Army
|[[Korean War]]
|[[American Forces Network#History|Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS)]] 
|}