Editing Tonkin (section)

===19th and 20th centuries===
{{More||Tonkin campaign|Tonkin (French protectorate)}}
[[File:France & Colonies-1894-delta du Song-Koï.jpg|thumb|1894 map of [[Hong River Delta|Red River Delta]] in [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|French protectorate of Tonkin]].]]

After [[French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh]] to unify Vietnam under the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], the [[French Navy]] began its heavy presence in [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]], including [[Saigon]], and later colonized the whole of this southern third of Vietnam in 1867.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

During the [[Sino-French War]] (1884–1885), Tonkin, then considered a crucial foothold in Southeast Asia and a key to the Chinese market, was invaded by the French in the [[Tonkin Campaign]]. It was colonized as the [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|French protectorate of Tonkin]], and was gradually separated from the [[Annam (French protectorate)|French protectorate of Annam]], with Vietnam being effectively separated into three parts.<ref>Pierre Brocheux et Daniel Hémery, Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858-1954, La Découverte, 2004, p. 78-81</ref>

During French colonial rule within [[French Indochina]], [[Hanoi]] was the capital of Tonkin protectorate, and in 1901 became the capital of all French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, & Vietnam). French colonial administration ruled until 9 March 1945, including 1941-1945 during the [[World War II]] [[Japanese occupation of Vietnam]]. French administration was allowed by the Japanese as a puppet government. Japan briefly took full control of Vietnam in March 1945, as the [[Empire of Vietnam]]. Tonkin became a site of the [[Vietnamese famine of 1945]] during this period.<ref>[http://www.net4war.com/e-revue/dossiers/2gm/indochine-sgm/indochine-sgm-01.htm ''L'Indochine française pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205122644/http://www.net4war.com/e-revue/dossiers/2gm/indochine-sgm/indochine-sgm-01.htm |date=2012-02-05 }}, Jean-Philippe Liardet</ref>

After the end of World War II, French rule returned over French Indochina. The Northern part of Vietnam became a stronghold for the communist [[Việt Minh|Viet Minh]]. Hanoi was later reoccupied by the French and conflict between the Viet Minh and France broke out into the [[First Indochina War]]. In 1949 it came under the authority of the [[State of Vietnam]], a new [[associated state]] of the [[French Union]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

After the French defeat at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]] in western Tonkin, and signature of [[Geneva Accords (1954)|Geneva accords]] in 1954, the communist nation of [[North Vietnam]] was formed, consisting of Tonkin and northern Annam. The State of Vietnam's territory was reduced to the southern half of the country, becoming [[South Vietnam]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1964, the US and North Vietnamese were involved in a battle off the coast, known as the [[Gulf of Tonkin Incident]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fujimoto |first1=Hiroshi |title=The Legacy of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident |journal=Nanzan Review of American Studies |date=2014 |volume=36 |pages=113–121|via=[[CORE (research service)|Connecting Repositories]]|url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/236156146}}</ref>