Editing Tijuana (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Cerro San Isidro desde el Cerro Colorado (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[San Ysidro Mountains#Cerro San Isidro|Cerro San Isidro]] from across the valley from Cerro Colorado]]
Tijuana is the westernmost city in Mexico, and consequently in [[Latin America]], and the second-largest city in northern Mexico. Located about {{convert|210|km|mi|sp=us}} west of the state capital, [[Mexicali]], the city is bordered to the north by the cities of [[Imperial Beach]], and the San Diego neighborhoods of San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, California. To the southwest of the city is [[Rosarito Beach]], while to the south is unincorporated territory of Tijuana Municipality. The city is nestled among hills, canyons, and gullies. The central part of the city lies in a valley through which flows the channeled [[Tijuana River]].

Housing development in the Tijuana Hills has led to eradication of many seasonal mountain streams. This lack of natural drainage makes places within the city vulnerable to landslides during the rainy season. The varied terrain of Tijuana gives the city elevation extremes that range from sea level to {{convert|790|m|ft|sp=us}}. As [[downtown Tijuana]] was built at the bottom of the river valley, the district is subject to seasonal flooding created by drain-off from the Tijuana Hills. During this time, east-bound portions of the Via Rapida (east–west highway) may be blocked off by the Tijuana Police due to hazardous conditions.

Tijuana is noted for its rough terrain, which includes many canyons, steep hills, and mesas. Large hills in Tijuana include the [[Cerro Colorado (borough)|Cerro Colorado]] and the Cerro de las Abejas.

The city is located near the terminus of the Tijuana River and within the Tijuana River Basin. The Tijuana River is an [[intermittent river]], {{convert|195|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long, on the Pacific coast of northern Baja California in Mexico and [[Southern California]] in the United States. It drains an arid area along the California–Baja California border, flowing through Mexico for most of its course and then crossing the border for the last {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of its course where it forms an estuary that empties into the ocean.

===Cityscape===
{{main|List of tallest buildings in Tijuana}}
[[File:Downtown Tijuana.jpg|thumb|View of [[Downtown Tijuana]]]]
The city's skyscraper history is relatively recent.<ref name= SSP>{{cite web |title=Tijuana Timeline Diagram |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?cityID=955&searchname=timeline |publisher=Skyscraper Source Media |access-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211030742/http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?cityID=955&searchname=timeline |archive-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the first [[High-rise building|highrise]] building complexes constructed in the city were the twin towers of [[Grand Hotel Tijuana]].<ref name= SSP /> Tijuana experienced a building boom that was brought to a halt by the [[Great Recession]]. Among buildings that succumbed to the time period was the [[Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico]] that would have been located in Playas and reached {{convert|98|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Trump Baja venture leaves buyers high and dry |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-07-fi-trump7-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-status=live |first=Elliot |last=Spagat |date=6 March 2009 |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303100116/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/07/business/fi-trump7 |archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> Currently the tallest building, and soon to be the largest complex in footage, [[New City Residential]] reaches {{convert|102|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Overall, the city maintains 33 completed structures with other proposed and under-construction skyscrapers.<ref name= SSP />

The Tijuana skyline is the fifth largest skyline in Mexico and is located in the Zona Rio and to a smaller extent, Playas de Tijuana. In the Zona Rio the buildings are concentrated on the Tijuana River, lined parallel to the river; and on the edges of the Tijuana Country Club. In Playas the high rises are currently focused on the coast. Recent construction on high rises has begun in the aforementioned areas, as buildings such as New City Residential and Grand Hotel Tijuana have been developed and taken prominent places in the skyline as the tallest buildings. From Tijuana's skyline the [[San Diego skyline]] can also be seen, although the reverse is mostly not true on account of the high hills surrounding central Tijuana.

===Boroughs===
{{multiple image
| total_width       = 175
| align             = right
| perrow            = 1
| image1            = Paseo de los Héroes Tijuana (Lincoln).jpg
| caption1          = View down Paseo de los Héroes of the [[Abraham Lincoln]] Monument
| image2            = Aguacaliente skyscrapers4 (cropped).JPG
| caption2          = Skyscrapers on Blvd. Agua Caliente.
| image3            = Barilo ĝis oceano (963746004) (cropped).jpg
| caption3          = The [[Mexico–United States barrier]] at the [[Pacific Coast of Mexico|Pacific Coast]]
}}

The municipality of Tijuana is divided into eight administrative boroughs, or ''Delegaciones''. The Tijuana metropolitan area occupies all of borough seats. The boroughs are in turn divided into [[Colonia (Mexico)|colonias]] or [[ejido]]s. These boroughs offer administrative services such as [[urban planning]], [[civil registry]], inspection, verification, [[public work]]s and community development and are served by a ''delegado''.

*[[Centro, Tijuana|Centro]] – "Delegación Centro" includes the old downtown (Zona Centro), new business district ([[Zona Río]]), red light district ([[Zona Norte, Tijuana|Zona Norte]]), and other adjacent neighborhoods ("zonas").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sig.tijuana.gob.mx/|title=H. Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, B.C. Mexico|work=tijuana.gob.mx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703001014/http://www.sig.tijuana.gob.mx/|archive-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> This is the historical midpoint of Tijuana; the municipal palace is located here as well as most of the tourist zones, such as [[Avenida Revolución]] and the business district. The [[Tijuana Cultural Center]] (CECUT for CEntro CUltural de Tijuana) is located here as well as the Plaza Río Tijuana, until recently the largest mall in the state, within the [[Zona Río, Tijuana|Zona Rio]].
*[[Cerro Colorado, Tijuana|Cerro Colorado]] – The ''Cerro Colorado'' ("Red Hill") is located here and it is surrounded by houses. Because of its height many of the area's antennas for radio and television stations are located on its peak.
* [[La Mesa, Tijuana|La Mesa]] – This is where the [[Morelos Park]], the largest public park in the city, is located, as well as the retail and transit hub [[Cinco y Diez]], Plaza Mundo Divertido, the new [[Macroplaza, Tijuana|Macroplaza]] and the [[Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior|CETYS]] University.
*[[Otay Centenario]] – This borough was created in 2014 by merging Mesa de Otay and Centenario boroughs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontera.info/EdicionEnlinea/Notas/Noticias/15012014/796713-Doble-responsabilidad-desde-el-1-de-enero.html |title="Doble responsabilidad desde el 1 de enero", ''Frontera'', 2014-01-15 |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044840/http://www.frontera.info/EdicionEnlinea/Notas/Noticias/15012014/796713-Doble-responsabilidad-desde-el-1-de-enero.html |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In this borough sits the [[tijuana International Airport]]. The [[Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana|Tijuana campus]] of the [[Autonomous University of Baja California]] and the Technologico are also located here as well as many [[maquiladora]]s. This is the borough with the largest number of factories and [[maquiladora]]s. Its largest colony is ''Ciudad Industrial'' ("Industrial City"). This delegacion contains the [[Otay Mesa]] entry to the [[United States]] and the [[Friendship Park (San Diego - Tijuana)|Friendship Park]] (Parque de la amistad).
*[[Playas de Tijuana]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bourough of Playas de Tijuana |url=http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/Delegaciones/Delegaciones.asp?delegacion=6 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=City of Tijuana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225910/http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/Delegaciones/Delegaciones.asp?delegacion=6 |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> – This is the westernmost borough of the city bordered by the [[Pacific Ocean]] on the west and the [[United States]] border on the north. This is where the beaches of Tijuana are located (hence the name) and it is also one of the two exits to the south towards [[Rosarito]] and [[Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada]].
*[[La Presa, Tijuana|La Presa]] – literally "'the dam'", this is the largest borough in size and the [[Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam]] is located within its limits, hence its name. The new [[Corredor Tijuana-Rosarito 2000]] and the [[Mexican Federal Highway 2|Tijuana-Tecate]] freeways run through it.
*[[San Antonio de los Buenos, Tijuana|San Antonio de los Buenos]] – This is mostly a residential area although it also has two industrial parks.
*[[Sanchez Taboada, Tijuana|Sanchez Taboada]] – Like the previous borough this is mostly a residential area, but within its borders are located many "maquiladoras" specially at Pacific Industrial Park.

===Climate===
Tijuana's climate has a [[Hot semi-arid climate|hot semi-arid]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh''),<ref>{{cite journal|author=M. Kottek|author2=J. Grieser|author3=C. Beck|author4=B. Rudolf|author5=F. Rubel|title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated|journal=Meteorol. Z.|volume=15|pages=259–263|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|access-date=22 April 2009|year=2006|issue=3|bibcode=2006MetZe..15..259K|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017125921/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif|archive-date=17 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> with about {{convert|231|mm|2|abbr=on}} of annual precipitation, and generally mild to warm weather year-round. It has characteristics of the [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') found to the immediate north, east, and south east, with most of the annual precipitation falling in the winter, between the months of November and March.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/568/56842328.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230300/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/568/56842328.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>

Between November and March, storms originate from fronts entering off of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. January is the wettest month of the year for the city and during this time a periodic event, similar to [[June Gloom]], is observed created by [[marine layer]]. January is the coolest month, during which temperatures average {{convert|13.6|C|F}}. In the city April signifies the end of winter and the start of [[Santa Ana winds]]. Though the daytime highs are generally around {{convert|20|C|F}}, heat waves can reach up to {{convert|33|C|F}}. The hottest months in the city are August and September, during which temperatures average {{convert|22.0|C|F}}. Summers are by far the driest time of year since influences from the [[California Current]] and the [[North Pacific High]] suppress the formation of rainfall caused by the [[North American Monsoon]]. [[Tropical cyclone]]s do impact the city from time to time, however. The most recent to do so was [[Hurricane Hilary]] in 2023, which dumped torrential that caused widespread flash floods and landslides.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hilary causes landslides, flooding and deadly crashes in Tijuana, Mexico |date=21 August 2023 |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/local/hilary-causes-landslides-flooding-and-deadly-crashes-in-tijuana-mexico/3289535/ |publisher=KSND |location=San Diego, CA |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>

As in coastal Southern California, air pollution sometimes occurs during periods of temperature inversion, especially during summer and fall, but (unlike Mexico City) is seldom severe and in recent years has lessened due to cleaner car engines.<ref name=Adams>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=David |last2=Comrie |first2=Andrew |year=1997 |title=The North American Monsoon |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=78 |issue=10 |pages=2197–2213 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2197:TNAM>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1997BAMS...78.2197A |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Frost]] and snow are rare phenomena in the city as temperatures are usually well above freezing. Yet, in December 1967, snow fell in the city and in January 2007 feather light snow fell in the east of the city. However, excessive amounts of snow fall have never been recorded in the city. On 14 February 2008, a winter storm caused an unusual snowfall in the upper reaches of the hills of the city.

The record low temperature recorded in the city was {{convert|-6|C|F}}, while the highest was {{convert|49|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=982068&cityname=Tijuana,+Baja+California,+Mexico|title=Tijuana, Baja California Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase.com|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Tijuana ([[Tijuana International Airport]])
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 34.5
|Feb record high C = 39.0
|Mar record high C = 34.0
|Apr record high C = 36.0
|May record high C = 38.5
|Jun record high C = 41.8
|Jul record high C = 39.0
|Aug record high C = 41.0
|Sep record high C = 49.0
|Oct record high C = 47.0
|Nov record high C = 42.0
|Dec record high C = 37.0
|year record high C = 49.0
|Jan high C = 20.3
|Feb high C = 20.8
|Mar high C = 20.8
|Apr high C = 22.1
|May high C = 23.5
|Jun high C = 25.2
|Jul high C = 27.8
|Aug high C = 28.1
|Sep high C = 27.8
|Oct high C = 26.0
|Nov high C = 23.5
|Dec high C = 21.1
|year high C = 23.9
|Jan mean C = 13.6
|Feb mean C = 14.3
|Mar mean C = 14.8
|Apr mean C = 16.1
|May mean C = 18.0
|Jun mean C = 19.8
|Jul mean C = 22.2
|Aug mean C = 22.8
|Sep mean C = 22.0
|Oct mean C = 19.5
|Nov mean C = 16.6
|Dec mean C = 14.0
|year mean C = 17.8
|Jan low C = 6.9
|Feb low C = 7.8
|Mar low C = 8.8
|Apr low C = 10.2
|May low C = 12.4
|Jun low C = 14.3
|Jul low C = 16.5
|Aug low C = 17.5
|Sep low C = 16.1
|Oct low C = 13.0
|Nov low C = 9.8
|Dec low C = 6.9
|year low C = 11.7
|Jan record low C = -3.0
|Feb record low C = 0.0
|Mar record low C = 0.5
|Apr record low C = 1.0
|May record low C = 5.5
|Jun record low C = 5.0
|Jul record low C = 7.5
|Aug record low C = 10.5
|Sep record low C = 10.0
|Oct record low C = 5.0
|Nov record low C = 1.0
|Dec record low C = -5.0
|year record low C = -5.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 43.8
|Feb rain mm = 36.5
|Mar rain mm = 42.7
|Apr rain mm = 17.6
|May rain mm = 4.4
|Jun rain mm = 0.7
|Jul rain mm = 0.7
|Aug rain mm = 0.9
|Sep rain mm = 5.0
|Oct rain mm = 7.8
|Nov rain mm = 33.8
|Dec rain mm = 37.0
|year rain mm = 230.9
|Jan rain days = 5.9
|Feb rain days = 4.7
|Mar rain days = 5.9
|Apr rain days = 3.1
|May rain days = 1.4
|Jun rain days = 0.5
|Jul rain days = 0.4
|Aug rain days = 0.2
|Sep rain days = 0.7
|Oct rain days = 1.7
|Nov rain days = 3.9
|Dec rain days = 4.3
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|year rain days = 32.7
|Jan humidity = 70
|Feb humidity = 74
|Mar humidity = 73
|Apr humidity = 75
|May humidity = 77
|Jun humidity = 79
|Jul humidity = 80
|Aug humidity = 80
|Sep humidity = 79
|Oct humidity = 76
|Nov humidity = 69
|Dec humidity = 69
|year humidity = 75
|source 1 = Servicio Meteorologico Nacional<ref name = SMN >{{cite web
|url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL02068.TXT
|title = NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951–2010
|publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
|language = es
|access-date = 18 March 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181117104945/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL02068.TXT
|archive-date = 17 November 2018
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}