Editing Tibetan Buddhism (section)

===Second dissemination (10th–12th centuries)===
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 | caption2 = The Tibetan householder and translator [[Marpa Lotsawa|Marpa]] (1012–1097)
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The late 10th and 11th centuries saw a revival of Buddhism in Tibet with the founding of "New Translation" ([[Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)|''Sarma'']]) lineages as well as the appearance of "[[Terma (religion)|hidden treasures]]" (''terma'') literature which reshaped the [[Nyingma]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-tibet/how-did-tibetan-buddhism-develop|title=How Did Tibetan Buddhism Develop?|website=studybuddhism.com}}</ref>{{sfnp|Conze|1993|pp=104ff}}
In 1042 the Bengali saint, [[Atisha|Atiśa]] (982–1054) arrived in Tibet at the invitation of a west Tibetan king and further aided dissemination of Buddhist values in Tibetan culture and in consequential affairs of state.

His erudition supported the translation of major Buddhist texts, which evolved into the canons of Bka'-'gyur (Translation of the Buddha Word) and Bstan-'gyur (Translation of Teachings). The ''Bka'-'gyur'' has six main categories: (1) [[Tantra]], (2) [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]], (3) [[Ratnakuta-sutra|Ratnakūṭa Sūtra]], (4) [[Avatamsaka Sutra|Avataṃsaka Sūtra]], (5) Other sutras, and (6) [[Vinaya]]. The ''Bstan-'gyur'' comprises 3,626 texts and 224 volumes on such things as hymns, commentaries and suppplementary tantric material.

Atiśa's chief disciple, [[Dromtön]] founded the [[Kadampa]] school of Tibetan Buddhism, one of the first Sarma schools.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickson |first=Alnis |others=Lara E. Braitstein |title=Organizing religion: situating the three-vow texts of the Tibetan Buddhist renaissance |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/1j92g801p |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=escholarship.mcgill.ca}}</ref>  The [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] (''Grey Earth'') school, was founded by [[Khön Könchok Gyalpo|Khön Könchok Gyelpo]] (1034–1102), a disciple of the great [[Lotsawa|scholar]], Drogmi Shākya. It is headed by the [[Sakya Trizin]], and traces its lineage to the [[mahasiddha]] [[Virupa|Virūpa]].<ref name="StudyBuddhism.com"/>

Other influential Indian teachers include [[Tilopa]] (988–1069) and his student [[Naropa|Nāropā]] (probably died ca. 1040). Their teachings, via their student [[Marpa Lotsawa|Marpa]], are the foundations of the [[Kagyu]] (''Oral lineage'') tradition'','' which focuses on the practices of [[Mahamudra|Mahāmudrā]] and the [[Six Dharmas of Naropa|Six Dharmas of Nāropā]]. One of the most famous Kagyu figures was the hermit [[Milarepa]], an 11th-century mystic. The [[Dagpo Kagyu]] was founded by the monk [[Gampopa]] who merged Marpa's lineage teachings with the monastic Kadam tradition.<ref name="StudyBuddhism.com" />

All the sub-schools of the Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism surviving today, including the Drikung Kagyu, the Drukpa Kagyu and the Karma Kagyu, are branches of the Dagpo Kagyu. The Karma Kagyu school is the largest of the Kagyu sub-schools and is headed by the [[Karmapa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olderr |first1=Steven |title=Dictionary of World Monasticism |date=2020 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1476683096 |page=101}}</ref>