Editing Thomas Hobbes (section)

===Civil War Period (1642–1651)===
The [[English Civil War]] began in 1642, and when the [[Cavalier|royalist]] cause began to decline in mid-1644, many royalists came to Paris and were known to Hobbes.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=547}} This revitalised Hobbes's political interests, and the ''De Cive'' was republished and more widely distributed. The printing began in 1646 by [[Samuel de Sorbiere]] through the [[House of Elzevir|Elsevier press]] in [[Amsterdam]] with a new preface and some new notes in reply to objections.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=547}}

In 1647, Hobbes took up a position as mathematical instructor to the young [[Charles II of England|Charles, Prince of Wales]], who had come to Paris from [[Jersey]] around July. This engagement lasted until 1648 when Charles went to Holland.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=547}}

[[File:Hobbes de cive.jpg|thumb|Frontispiece from ''De Cive'' (1642)]]

The company of the exiled royalists led Hobbes to produce ''Leviathan'', which set forth his theory of civil government in relation to the political crisis resulting from the war. Hobbes compared the State to a monster ([[leviathan]]) composed of men, created under pressure of human needs and dissolved by civil strife due to human passions. The work closed with a general "Review and Conclusion", in response to the war, which answered the question: Does a subject have the right to change allegiance when a former sovereign's power to protect is irrevocably lost?{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=547}}

During the years of composing ''Leviathan'', Hobbes remained in or near Paris. In 1647, he suffered a near-fatal illness that disabled him for six months.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=547}} On recovering, he resumed his literary task and completed it by 1650. Meanwhile, a translation of ''De Cive'' was being produced; scholars disagree about whether it was Hobbes who translated it.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=548}}

In 1650, a pirated edition of ''The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic'' was published.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vardanyan |first=Vilen |year=2011 |title=[[iarchive:panoramaofpsycho0000vard|Panorama of Psychology]] |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] |isbn=978-1-4567-0032-4 |page=72}}.</ref> It was divided into two small volumes: ''Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policie''; and ''De corpore politico, or the Elements of Law, Moral and Politick''.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=548}}

In 1651, the translation of ''De Cive'' was published under the title ''Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society''.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Aubrey |author-link=John Aubrey |orig-date=1669–1696 |year=1898 |title=[[Brief Lives|Brief Lives: Chiefly of Contemporaries]] |volume=II |editor-first=A. |editor-last=Clark |editor-link=Andrew Clark (priest) |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |page=277}}</ref> Also, the printing of the greater work proceeded, and finally appeared in mid-1651, titled ''Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common Wealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil''. It had a famous title-page engraving depicting a crowned giant above the waist towering above hills overlooking a landscape, holding a sword and a [[crozier]] and made up of tiny human figures. The work had immediate impact.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=548}} Soon, Hobbes was more lauded and decried than any other thinker of his time.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=548}} The first effect of its publication was to sever his link with the exiled royalists, who might well have killed him.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=548}} The secularist spirit of his book greatly angered both [[Anglican]]s and [[French Catholic]]s.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=548}} Hobbes appealed to the revolutionary English government for protection and fled back to London in winter 1651.{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=548}} After his submission to the [[English Council of State|Council of State]], he was allowed to subside into private life{{sfn|Robertson|1911|p=548}} in [[Fetter Lane]].{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}