Editing Terrorism (section)

=== Birth of modern terrorism (1850-1890s) ===
Arguably, the first organization to use modern terrorist techniques was the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrorism: From the Fenians to Al Qaeda |url=http://www.ucd.ie/adulted/coursesbycode/hn258/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121203100430/http://www.ucd.ie/adulted/coursesbycode/hn258/ |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |access-date=December 17, 2012}}</ref> founded in 1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group<ref>Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (2007), {{ISBN|0-330-42759-8}} p. 179</ref> that carried out attacks in England.<ref>Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (November 2, 2007), {{ISBN|0-330-42759-8}} p. 180</ref> The group initiated the [[Fenian dynamite campaign]] in 1881, one of the first modern terror campaigns.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whelehan |first=Niall |title=The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World 1867–1900 |year=2012 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination, this campaign used timed [[Explosive|explosives]] with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart of [[Great Britain|metropolitan Britain]], in order to achieve political gains.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title='One skilled scientist is worth an army' – The Fenian Dynamite campaign 1881-85 |url=http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/02/13/one-skilled-scientist-is-worth-an-army-the-fenian-dynamite-campaign-1881-85/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110063402/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/02/13/one-skilled-scientist-is-worth-an-army-the-fenian-dynamite-campaign-1881-85/ |archive-date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=December 17, 2012 |website=The Irish Story}}</ref>
[[File:SG_fig_1_(left_up).png|thumb|Representation of the aftermath of the [[Saint-Germain bombing|Saint Germain bombing]] in ''[[L'Illustration]]'' (19 March 1892),<ref>{{cite web |date=1892 |title=L'Illustration : Journal universel |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t51422220r/f4.item}}</ref> an attack that [[Timeline of the Ère des attentats|ushered in the Ère des attentats]]]]
Another early terrorist-type group was [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]], founded in Russia in 1878 as a revolutionary anarchist group inspired by [[Sergei Nechayev]] and "[[propaganda by the deed]]" theorist [[Carlo Pisacane]].<ref name="cdi.org2">{{Cite web |last1=Burgess |first1=Mark |date=July 2, 2003 |title=A Brief History of Terrorism |url=https://www.pogo.org/center-for-defense-information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511140810/http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1502 |archive-date=May 11, 2012 |website=Center for Defense Information}}</ref>{{sfn|Hoffman|1998|p=5}} The group developed ideas—such as [[targeted killing]] of the 'leaders of oppression', which were to become the hallmark of subsequent violence by small non-state groups, and they were convinced that the developing technologies of the age—such as the invention of dynamite, which they were the first anarchist group to make widespread use of<ref>''A History of Terrorism'', by Walter Laqueur, Transaction Publishers, 2000, {{ISBN|0-7658-0799-8}}, p. 92 [https://books.google.com/books?id=RlqQHKpLfL8C]</ref>—enabled them to strike directly and with discrimination.<ref name="bbc.co.uk2">{{cite web |author=Adam Roberts |date=September 18, 2014 |title=The Changing Faces of Terrorism |website=BBC – History |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/changing_faces_02.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208113613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/changing_faces_02.shtml |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref> 

In the Western world, and more specifically in France, the repression faced by [[Anarchism|anarchists]] from the state led, in the early 1890s, to France's entry into the ''[[Ère des attentats]]'' (1892-1894). This period, characterized by a surge in terrorist acts following [[Ravachol]]'s bombings, saw several shifts that pushed terrorism toward modern terrorism.{{Sfn|Salomé|2011|p=31}}{{Sfn|Ferragu|2019|p=21-31}} As with the Fenian campaign, terrorism shifted from being person-based to location-based, starting with the first attack of that period, the [[Saint-Germain bombing]].{{Sfn|Salomé|2011|p=31}} 

However, other major evolutions emerged during this period: the apparition of [[Lone wolf terrorism|lone wolves]]{{Sfn|Bouhey|2009|p=190-225}} and the birth of mass or indiscriminate terrorism.{{Sfn|Ferragu|2019|p=21-31}} Indeed, in the second half of the Ère des attentats, three incidents laid the foundation for mass terrorism within a few months of each other. These were the [[Liceu bombing]], the [[13 November 1893 stabbing]], and the [[Café Terminus attack]].{{Sfn|Ferragu|2019|p=21-31}} In each of these attacks, the perpetrators targeted not a specific individual but a collective enemy.{{Sfn|Ferragu|2019|p=21-31}} [[Émile Henry (anarchist)|Émile Henry]], in particular, responsible for the Café Terminus bombing, explicitly claimed the birth of this new form of terrorism, stating that he wanted to 'strike at random'.{{Sfn|Ferragu|2019|p=21-31}}