Editing Tennessee (section)

===Civil War===
{{main|Tennessee in the American Civil War|Confederate States of America|Ordinance of Secession}}

At the onset of the [[American Civil War]], most Middle and West Tennesseans favored efforts to preserve their slavery-based economies, but many Middle Tennesseans were initially skeptical of secession. In East Tennessee, most people favored remaining in the Union.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3-8}} In 1860, slaves composed about 25% of Tennessee's population, the lowest share among the states that joined the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]].{{sfn|Lamon|1980|p=116}} Tennessee provided more Union troops than any other Confederate state, and the second-highest number of Confederate troops, behind Virginia.<ref name="guide"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bates |first1=Walter Lynn |date=Winter 1991 |title=Southern Unionists: A Socio-Economic Examination of the Third East Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment, U.S.A., 1862–1865 |jstor=42626970 |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |publisher=Tennessee Historical Society |location=Nashville |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=226–239 |doi=}}</ref> Due to its central location, Tennessee was a crucial state during the war and saw more military engagements than any state except Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |title=CWSAC Report |url=http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |website=Civil War Sites Advisory Commission |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001021/https://www.nps.gov/abpp/cwsac/cws0-1.html |archive-date=December 19, 2018 |date=December 8, 1997 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After [[Abraham Lincoln]] was elected president in [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], secessionists in the state government led by Governor [[Isham Harris]] [[Ordinance of Secession|sought voter approval]] to sever ties with the United States, which was rejected in a referendum by a 54–46% margin in February 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4, 291}} After the Confederate [[Battle of Fort Sumter|attack on Fort Sumter]] in April and Lincoln's call for troops in response, the legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederacy on May 7, 1861.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=3–4}} On June 8, with Middle Tennesseans having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum on secession by a 69–31% margin, becoming the last state to secede.{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|p=294}} In response, East Tennessee Unionists organized [[East Tennessee Convention|a convention in Knoxville]] with the goal of splitting the region to form a new state loyal to the Union.<ref>{{cite book|last=Temple|first=Oliver Perry|date=1899|title=East Tennessee and the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/easttennesseean00tempgoog|location=Cincinnati|publisher=[[Robert Clarke & Company]]|pages=340–365|isbn=1166069060|author-link=Oliver Perry Temple|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee [[East Tennessee bridge burnings|burned bridges]] and attacked Confederate sympathizers, leading the Confederacy to invoke [[martial law]] in parts of the region. Because of this, many southern unionists were sent fleeing to nearby Union states, particularly the [[Border states (American Civil War)|border state]] of [[Kentucky]]. Other southern unionists, who stayed in Tennessee after the state's secession, either resisted the Confederate cause or eventually joined it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Madden |first1=David |title=Unionist Resistance to Confederate Occupation: The Bridge Burners of East Tennessee |journal=East Tennessee Historical Society Publications |date=1980 |volume=52 |pages=42–53}}</ref> In March 1862, Lincoln appointed native Tennessean and [[War Democrat]] [[Andrew Johnson]] as military governor of the state.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|p=131}}

[[File:Kurz and Allison - Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Chromolithograph of the Battle of Franklin, which occurred on November 30, 1864|The [[Battle of Franklin (1864)|Battle of Franklin]], November 30, 1864]]
General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and the [[U.S. Navy]] captured the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in February 1862 at the battles of [[Battle of Fort Henry|Fort Henry]] and [[Battle of Fort Donelson|Fort Donelson]].{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=24–30}} Grant then proceeded south to Pittsburg Landing and held off a Confederate counterattack at [[Battle of Shiloh|Shiloh]] in April in what was at the time the bloodiest battle of the war.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=45–51}} Memphis fell to the Union in June after a [[First Battle of Memphis|naval battle]] on the Mississippi River.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=51–53}} Union strength in Middle Tennessee was tested in a series of Confederate offensives beginning in the summer of 1862, which culminated in General [[William Rosecrans]]'s [[Army of the Cumberland]] routing General [[Braxton Bragg]]'s [[Army of Tennessee]] at [[Battle of Stones River|Stones River]], another one of the war's costliest engagements.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=54–65}} The next summer, Rosecrans's [[Tullahoma campaign]] forced Bragg's remaining troops in Middle Tennessee to retreat to Chattanooga with little fighting.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=65–68}}

During the [[Chattanooga campaign]], Confederates attempted to besiege the Army of the Cumberland into surrendering, but reinforcements from the [[Army of the Tennessee]] under the command of Grant, [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Joseph Hooker]] arrived.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=77–79}} The Confederates were driven from the city at the battles of [[Battle of Lookout Mountain|Lookout Mountain]] and [[Battle of Missionary Ridge|Missionary Ridge]] in November 1863.{{sfn|Connelly|1979|pp=80–82}} Despite Unionist sentiment in East Tennessee, Confederates held the area for most of the war. A few days after the fall of Chattanooga, Confederates led by [[James Longstreet]] unsuccessfully [[Knoxville campaign|campaigned to take control of Knoxville]] by attacking Union General [[Ambrose Burnside]]'s [[Battle of Fort Sanders|Fort Sanders]].{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|p=314}} The capture of Chattanooga allowed Sherman to launch the [[Atlanta campaign]] from the city in May 1864.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/atlanta-campaign |title=Atlanta Campaign |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Civil War On the Western Border |date=May 7, 1864 |publisher=Missouri State Library |location=Jefferson City, Missouri |access-date=July 27, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> The last major battles in the state came when Army of Tennessee regiments under [[John Bell Hood]] [[Franklin–Nashville campaign|invaded Middle Tennessee]] in the fall of 1864 in an effort to draw Sherman back. They were checked by [[John Schofield]] at [[Battle of Franklin (1864)|Franklin]] in November and completely dispersed by [[George Henry Thomas|George Thomas]] at [[Battle of Nashville|Nashville]] in December.{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|pp=314–315}} On April 27, 1865, the [[list of maritime disasters|worst maritime disaster in American history]] occurred when the ''[[Sultana (steamboat)|Sultana]]'' steamboat, which was transporting freed Union prisoners, [[Sultana (steamboat)#Disaster|exploded]] in the Mississippi River north of Memphis, killing 1,168 people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Salecker|first1=Gene Eric|title=Disaster on the Mississippi : the Sultana explosion, April 27, 1865|date=1996|publisher=Naval Inst. Press|location=Annapolis, Md.|isbn=1-55750-739-2|url=https://archive.org/details/disasteronmissis00sale|pages=79–80|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

When the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] was announced, Tennessee was largely held by Union forces and thus not among the states enumerated, so it freed no slaves there.<ref name="npsjohnson">{{cite web |title=Andrew Johnson and Emancipation in Tennessee |url=https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/johnson-and-tn-emancipation.htm |website=National Park Service |publisher=Andrew Johnson National Historic Site |access-date=May 11, 2021 |date=February 5, 2020}}</ref> Andrew Johnson declared all slaves in Tennessee free on October 24, 1864.<ref name="npsjohnson"/> On February 22, 1865, the legislature approved an amendment to the state constitution prohibiting slavery, which was approved by voters the following month, and would go into effect later on in the year. This made Tennessee the only Southern state to abolish slavery at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm |title=Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War |location=College Park, Maryland |publisher=University of Maryland: Department of History |access-date=November 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224131/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="blackhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.state.tn.us/tsla/exhibits/blackhistory/timelines/timeline_1861-1865.htm |title=This Honorable Body: African American Legislators in 19th Century Tennessee |location=Nashville |publisher=Tennessee State Library and Archives |access-date=November 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119190405/http://www.state.tn.us/tsla/exhibits/blackhistory/timelines/timeline_1861-1865.htm |archive-date=November 19, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tennessee ratified the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]], which outlawed slavery in every state, on April 7, 1865,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s|access-date=February 17, 2014|last=U.S. Government Printing Office |first=112th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 112–9|page=30|date=2013}}</ref> and the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]], which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to former slaves, on July 18, 1866. Both amendments went into effect after Tennessee's readmission to the union due to the fact that other states had not yet ratified it.{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|pp=333–334}} Johnson became vice president when Lincoln was [[1864 United States presidential election|reelected]], and president after Lincoln's [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassination]] in May 1865.{{sfn|Langsdon|2000|p=131}} On July 24, 1866, Tennessee became the first Confederate state to have its elected members readmitted to Congress.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |work=Politico |date=July 24, 2008}}</ref>