Editing Temperament (section)

===Rusalov-Trofimova neurophysiological model of temperament===

This model  based on the longest tradition of neurophysiological experiments started within the investigations of types and properties of nervous systems by [[Ivan Pavlov]]'s school. This experimental tradition started on studies with animals in 1910–20s but expanded its methodology to humans since 1930s and especially since 1960s, including EEG, caffeine tests, evoked potentials, behavioral tasks and other psychophysiological methods.<ref name=Rusal2018>{{cite journal |last1=Rusalov |first1=Vladimir |title=Functional systems theory and the activity-specific approach in psychological taxonomies |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=26 February 2018 |volume=373 |issue=1744 |pages=20170166 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0166|pmid=29483350 |pmc=5832690 }}</ref>

The latest version of this model is based on the "[[Activity-specific approach in temperament research]], on [[Alexander Luria]]'s research in clinical neurophysiology and on the neurochemical model [[Functional Ensemble of Temperament]].<ref name=FET/><ref name=TroRob/><ref name=Tro2018/> At the present time the model is associated with the [[Structure of Temperament Questionnaire]] and has 12 scales:

====Endurance-related scales====
* Motor-physical Endurance: the ability of an individual to sustain prolonged physical activity using well-defined behavioral elements
* Social-verbal Endurance (sociability): the ability of an individual to sustain prolonged social-verbal activities using well-defined behavioral elements.
* Mental Endurance, or Attention: the ability to stay focused on selected features of objects with suppression of behavioral reactivity to other features.

====Scales related to speed of integration of behavior====
* Motor-physical Tempo: speed of integration of an action in physical manipulations with objects with well-defined scripts of actions
* Plasticity: the ability to adapt quickly to changes in situations, to change the program of action, and to shift between different tasks
* Social-verbal Tempo: the preferred speed of speech and ability to understand fast speech on well-known topics, reading and sorting of known verbal material

====Scales related to type of orientation of behavior====
* Sensation Seeking (SS): behavioral orientation to well-defined and existing sensational objects and events, underestimation of outcomes of risky behavior.
* Empathy: behavioral orientation to the emotional states/needs of others (ranging from empathic deafness in autism and schizophrenia disorders to social dependency).
* Sensitivity to Probabilities: the drive to gather information about uniqueness, frequency and values of objects/events, to differentiate their specific features, to project these features in future actions.

====Emotionality scales====
* Satisfaction (Self-Confidence): A disposition to be satisfied with current state of events, a sense of security, confidence in the future. In spite of the optimism about outcomes of his or her activities, the respondent might be negligent in details.
* Impulsivity: Initiation of actions based on immediate emotional reactivity rather than by planning or rational reasoning.
* Neuroticism: A tendency to avoid novelty, unpredictable situations and uncertainty. Preference of well-known settings and people over unknown ones and a need for approval and feedback from people around.