Editing Tao (section)

===Buddhism===
{{See also|Zen}}

Buddhism first started to spread in China during the first century AD and was experiencing a golden age of growth and maturation by the fourth century AD. Hundreds of collections of [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]] texts were translated into Chinese by Buddhist monks within a short period of time. [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|''Dhyana'']] was translated as {{zhi|c=禅|p=chán}}, and later as "zen", giving Zen Buddhism its name. The use of Chinese concepts, such as the Tao, that were close to Buddhist ideas and terms helped spread the religion and make it more amenable to the Chinese people. However, the differences between the Sanskrit and Chinese terminology led to some initial misunderstandings and the eventual development of Buddhism in East Asia as a distinct entity. As part of this process, many Chinese words introduced their rich semantic and philosophical associations into Buddhism, including the use of "Tao" for central concepts and tenets of Buddhism.{{sfnp|Dumoulin|2005|pp=63–65}}

Pai-chang Huai-hai told a student who was grappling with difficult portions of ''[[suttas]]'', "Take up words in order to manifest meaning and you'll obtain 'meaning'. Cut off words and meaning is emptiness. Emptiness is the Tao. The Tao is cutting off words and speech." Zen Buddhists regard the Tao as synonymous with both the Buddhist Path and the results of it, the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] and [[Buddhist enlightenment]]. Pai-chang's statement plays upon this usage in the context of the fluid and varied Chinese usage of "Tao". Words and meanings are used to refer to rituals and practices. The "emptiness" refers to the Buddhist concept of ''[[sunyata]]''. Finding the Tao and Buddha-nature is not simply a matter of formulations, but an active response to the [[Four Noble Truths]] that cannot be fully expressed or conveyed in words and concrete associations. The use of "Tao" in this context refers to the literal "way" of Buddhism, the return to the universal source, [[dharma]], proper meditation, and [[nirvana]], among other associations. "Tao" is commonly used in this fashion by Chinese Buddhists, heavy with associations and nuanced meanings.{{sfnp|Hershock|1996|pp=67–70}}