Editing Tajikistan (section)

=== Soviet period ===
{{Main|Basmachi movement|Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic}}
[[File:Negotiations with basmachs Fergana, 1921.jpg|thumb|Soviet negotiations with ''[[Basmachi movement|basmachi]]'', 1921]]

After the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as ''[[basmachi]]'', waged [[Kokand Autonomy|a war]] against [[Bolshevik]] armies in an attempt to maintain independence.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Tajikistan profile – Timeline |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16201087 |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=31 July 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502174022/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16201087 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which [[mosque]]s and villages were burned down and the population suppressed.

Between 1928 and 1941, Soviet authorities started an [[USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)|anti-religious campaign]] of [[secularization]]. Practising [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], or [[Judaism]] was discouraged and repressed; due to the [[Soviet anti-religious legislation]], several [[Church (building)|churches]], [[mosque]]s, and [[synagogue]]s were closed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pipes|first1=Richard|title=Muslims of Soviet Central Asia: Trends and Prospects (Part I)|journal=Middle East Journal|date=1955|volume=9|issue=2|pages=149–150|jstor=4322692}}</ref> As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, [[Central Asia]], Tajikistan included, underwent a famine that claimed lives.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Country Study: Tajikistan, Impact of the Civil War|url=http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/6.htm |website=Country Studies US |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210235/http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/6.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In 1924, the [[Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] was created as a part of [[Uzbekistan]],<ref name="auto"/> and in 1929 the Tajikistan Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajikistan SSR, Таджикская ССР) was made a separate constituent republic;<ref name="auto"/> the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of [[Samarkand]] and [[Bukhara]] remained in the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]]. Between 1927 and 1934, [[collectivization of agriculture]] and an expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region.<ref name="countrystudies.us">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/9.htm|title=Tajikistan – Collectivization|work=Country Studies US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014202805/http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/9.htm|archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against farmers and peasants, classified as [[anti-Soviet]] categories of "[[enemies of the people]]", and [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|forced resettlement]] occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the [[Basmachi movement]]. Some industrial development occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.<ref name="countrystudies.us" />

[[File:Hammond Slides Central Asia Unlabeled 15.jpg|thumb|Soviet Tajikistan in 1964]]
Two rounds of [[Great Purge|Stalin's purges]] (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people from all levels of the [[Communist Party of Tajikistan]].<ref name="The Purges 1996">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/10.htm|title=Tajikistan – The Purges|work=Country Studies US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014204552/http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/10.htm|archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> Ethnic [[Russians]] were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary.<ref name="The Purges 1996"/> Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |url=http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/23.htm |title=Tajikistan – Ethnic Groups |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207115900/http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/23.htm |archive-date=7 December 2010 |agency=U.S. Library of Congress |website=Country Studies US }}</ref> [[Bobojon Ghafurov]], [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan]] from 1946 to 1956, was the only Tajik politician of significance outside of the republic during the Soviet Era.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Tajiks began to be conscripted into the [[Red Army]] in 1939 and during [[World War II]] around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against [[Nazi Germany]], [[Finland in World War II|Finland]], and the [[Empire of Japan]]. Between 60,000 (4%)<ref>Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzaheh (2010) ''Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan'', 2nd ed. p. 383. {{ISBN|0810860619}}.</ref> and 120,000 (8%)<ref>Vadim Erlikman (2004). ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke''. Moscow. pp. 23–35. {{ISBN|5-93165-107-1}}</ref> of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2db.com/country/tajikistan|title=Tajikistan in World War II|author=C. Peter Chen|work=WW2DB|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726045015/http://ww2db.com/country/tajikistan|archive-date=26 July 2014|access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>

Following the war and the end of Stalin's reign, attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/11.htm|title=Tajikistan – The Postwar Period|work=Country Studies US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014205135/http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/11.htm|archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> During 1957–58 [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet Republics]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/> In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR,<ref>Boris Rumer (1989) ''Soviet Central Asia: A Tragic Experiment'', Unwin Hyman, London. p. 126. {{ISBN|0044451466}}.</ref> the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups,<ref>''Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990'', Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 115 {{in lang|ru}}.</ref> and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people.<ref>''Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990'', Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 210 {{in lang|ru}}.</ref>

By the 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the [[Soviet Union]] collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence on 9 September 1991, a day which is celebrated as the country's [[Independence Day (Tajikistan)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontnews.eu/news/en/12776/Tajikistan-celebrates-Independence-Day |title=Tajikistan celebrates Independence Day |work=Front News International |date=9 September 2017 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221425/https://frontnews.eu/news/en/12776/Tajikistan-celebrates-Independence-Day |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>