Editing Taiko (section)

==Categorization==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0.80em;"
|+ Taiko by construction method
|-
! scope="col" |{{Nihongo|'''Byō-uchi-daiko'''|鋲打ち太鼓}}
! scope="col" |{{Nihongo|'''Shime-daiko'''|締め太鼓}}
! scope="col" |{{Nihongo|'''Tsuzumi'''|鼓}}{{refn|group=note|name=first|There is disagreement about whether these drums are considered taiko or not.{{sfn|Blades|1992|p=124}}}}
! scope="col" | Others
|- valign="top"
|{{Nihongo|nagadō-daiko|長胴太鼓}}<small>{{unbulleted list|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Nihongo|ko-daiko|小太鼓}}|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Nihongo|chū-daiko|中太鼓}}|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Nihongo|ō-daiko|大太鼓}}}}</small>
|{{Nihongo|tsukeshime-daiko|附け締め太鼓}}<small>{{unbulleted list|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Nihongo|namitsuke|並附}}|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Nihongo|nichō-gake|二丁掛}}|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Nihongo|sanchō-gake|三丁掛}}|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Nihongo|yonchō-gake|四丁掛}}|&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Nihongo|gochō-gake|五丁掛}}}}</small>
|{{Nihongo|ko-tsuzumi|小鼓}}
|{{Nihongo|uchiwa-daiko|団扇太鼓}}<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=【身延山開闢会・入山行列2009】by＜ＳＡＬ＞ その1| date=14 June 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBXvhsGLM7w| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/tBXvhsGLM7w| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|language=ja|access-date=2019-12-14}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=だんだん近づく法華の太鼓 身延 七面山 日蓮宗の信仰登山風景| date=13 March 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3csB5mBtS0| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/l3csB5mBtS0| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|language=ja|access-date=2019-12-14}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|{{Nihongo|hira-daiko|平太鼓}}
|{{Nihongo|naguta shime-daiko|長唄締め太鼓}}
|{{Nihongo|san-no-tsuzumi|三の鼓}}
|{{Nihongo|den-den-daiko|でんでん太鼓}}
|-
|{{Nihongo|tsuri-daiko|釣太鼓}}
|{{Nihongo|okedō-daiko|桶胴太鼓}}
|{{Nihongo|ō-tsuzumi|大鼓}}
|
|-
| 
|{{Nihongo|kakko|羯鼓}}
|
|
|-
|
|{{Nihongo|dadaiko|鼉太鼓}}{{refn|group=note|name=second|Dadaiko uses a rope tensioning system<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=30秒の心象風景8350・大きな彫刻装飾～鼉太鼓～| date=11 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wROCumL5fVU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/wROCumL5fVU| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|language=ja|access-date=2019-12-14}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
|
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|}

Taiko have been developed into a broad range of [[percussion instrument]]s that are used in both [[Music of Japan|Japanese folk and classical]] musical traditions. An early classification system based on shape and tension was advanced by [[Francis Taylor Piggott]] in 1909.{{sfn|Piggott|1971|pp=191–203}} Taiko are generally classified based on the construction process, or the specific context in which the drum is used,{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=12}} but some are not classified, such as the toy [[den-den daiko]].{{sfn|Kakehi|Tamori|Schourup|1996|p=251}}

With few exceptions, taiko have a drum shell with heads on both sides of the body, and a sealed resonating cavity.{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=12}} The head may be fastened to the shell using a number of different systems, such as using ropes.{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=12}} Taiko may be either tunable or non-tunable depending on the system used.{{sfn|Tusler|2003|p=60}}

Taiko are categorized into three types based on construction process. ''Byō-uchi-daiko'' are constructed with the [[drumhead]] nailed to the body.{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=12}} ''[[Shime-daiko]]'' are classically constructed with the skin placed over iron or steel rings, which are then tightened with ropes.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=57}} Contemporary ''shime-daiko'' are tensioned using  [[Screw|bolts]] or [[turnbuckle]]s systems attached to the drum body.{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=12}}{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=177}}  ''Tsuzumi'' are also rope-tensioned drums, but have a distinct hourglass shape and their skins are made using deerskin.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=57}}

''Byō-uchi-daiko'' were historically made only using a single piece of wood;{{sfn|Carlsen|2009|pp=130–131}} they continue to be made in this manner, but are also constructed from staves of wood.{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=12}}  Larger drums can be made using a single piece of wood, but at a much greater cost due to the difficulty in finding appropriate trees.{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=12}} The preferred wood is the [[Zelkova serrata|Japanese zelkova]] or ''keyaki'',{{sfn|Ammer|2004|p=420}} but a number of other woods, and even [[wine barrel]]s, have been used to create taiko.{{sfn|Ammer|2004|p=420}}<ref name=Liu /> ''Byō-uchi-daiko'' cannot be tuned.{{sfn|Tusler|2003|p=60}}

The typical ''byō-uchi-daiko'' is the ''nagadō-daiko'',<ref name=Shumei2>{{cite web|title=Drums and Other Instruments|url=http://www.shumeitaiko.org/drums.html|publisher=The Shumei Taiko Ensemble|access-date=26 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610001210/http://www.shumeitaiko.org/drums.html|archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> an elongated drum that is roughly shaped like a wine barrel.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=55}} ''Nagadō-daiko'' are available in a variety of sizes, and their head diameter is traditionally measured in [[shaku (unit)|shaku]] (units of roughly 30&nbsp;cm). Head diameters range from {{convert|1|to|6|shaku|cm in}}.  {{nihongo4|''Ko-daiko''|小太鼓}} are the smallest of these drums and are usually about {{convert|1|shaku|cm in}} in diameter.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=55}}  The {{nihongo4|''chū-daiko''|中太鼓}} is a medium-sized ''nagadō-daiko'' ranging from {{convert|1.6|to|2.8|shaku|cm in}},<ref name=Shumei2 /> and weighing about {{convert|27|kg|lbs}}.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=55}}  {{nihongo4|''Ō-daiko''|大太鼓}}  vary in size, and are often as large as {{convert|6|shaku|cm in}} in diameter.{{sfn|Titon|Fujie|2005|p=184}} Some ''ō-daiko'' are difficult to move due to their size, and therefore permanently remain inside the performance space, such as temple or shrine.<ref name=Heartbeat>{{cite web|title=Heartbeat of Drums|url=https://www.classicaltv.com/the-informer/heartbeat-of-drums|website=Classical TV|access-date=15 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215105833/https://www.classicaltv.com/the-informer/heartbeat-of-drums|archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>  ''Ō-daiko'' means "large drum" and for a given ensemble, the term refers to their largest drum.{{sfn|Titon|Fujie|2005|p = 184}}<ref name=Heartbeat /> The other type of ''byō-uchi-daiko'' is called a {{nihongo4|''hira-daiko''|平太鼓|"flat drum"}} and can be any drum constructed such that the head diameter is greater than the length of the body.{{sfn|Varian|2013|pp=121–122}}

''Shime-daiko'' are a set of smaller, roughly [[snare drum]]-sized instrument that are tunable.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=57}} The tensioning system usually consists of hemp cords or rope, but bolt or turnbuckle systems have been used as well.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=177}}{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=130}}  {{nihongo4|''Nagauta shime-daiko''|長唄締め太鼓}}, sometimes referred to as "taiko" in the context of theater, have thinner heads than other kinds of shime-daiko.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=130}}  The head includes a patch of deerskin placed in the center, and in performance, drum strokes are generally restricted to this area.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=177}}  The {{nihongo4|''tsukeshime-daiko''|付け締め太鼓}} is a heavier type of ''shime-daiko''.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=57}} They are available in sizes 1–5, and are named according to their number: ''namitsuke''&nbsp;(1), ''nichō-gakke''&nbsp;(2), ''sanchō-gakke''&nbsp;(3), ''yonchō-gakke''&nbsp;(4), and ''gochō-gakke''&nbsp;(5).{{sfn|Varian|2013|pp=119, 126}} The ''namitsuke'' has the thinnest skins and the shortest body in terms of height; thickness and tension of skins, as well as body height, increase toward the ''gochō-gakke''.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=119}} The head diameters of all ''shime-daiko'' sizes are around {{convert|27|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=177}}

{{Nihongo|''Uchiwa-daiko''|団扇太鼓|4=literally, fan drum}} is a type of racket-shaped Japanese drum. It is the only Japanese traditional drum without a sound box and only one skin. It is played with a drumstick while hanging it with the other hand.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" alt="Set of images depicting six types of drums: a chū-daiko, an ō-daiko, a shime-daiko, an okedō, a tsuri-daiko and a ko-tsuzumi.">
File:Taiwanese taiko drummer.jpg|A middle-sized ''chū-daiko'' being played on a slanted stand
File:Kodo Taiko Drum.JPG|This ''ō-daiko'' from a [[Kodo (taiko group)|Kodo]] performance features a [[tomoe]] design on its [[drumskin|skin]].
File:Shime Daiko drum - Shime Taiko Trommel.jpg|Example of a ''shime-daiko'', tensioned using rope
File:Okedo Daiko drum - Okedo Taiko Trommel.jpg|Example of an ''okedō'', tensioned using rope
File:162 Museu de la Música, tsuridaiko, tambor japonès.jpg|A ''tsuri-daiko'' on display at the [[Museu de la Música de Barcelona]]
File:Kotsuzumi (Small Hourglass Drum) with Peonies LACMA M.89.134.1.jpg|A 17th-century ''ko-tsuzumi''
File:Gifujyou5851.JPG|An ''uchiwa-daiko.''
</gallery>
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0.80em;"
|+ Taiko by theatrical usage
|-
! scope="col" | Gagakki
! scope="col" | Noh
! scope="col" | Kabuki
|- valign="top"
| dadaiko || ō-tsuzumi || ko-tsuzumi
|-
|tsuri-daiko || ko-tsuzumi || ō-tsuzumi 
|-
|san-no-tsuzumi|| nagauta shime-daiko || nagauta shime-daiko 
|-
|kakko  || || ō-daiko
|-
|}
''Okedō-daiko'' or simply ''okedō'', are a type of ''shime-daiko'' that are stave-constructed using narrower strips of wood,{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=12}}<ref name=JANM2>{{cite web|title=Taiko in the United States|url=http://janmstore.com/taikointheus.html|publisher=Japanese American National Museum|access-date=20 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030005957/http://janmstore.com/taikointheus.html|archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> have a tube-shaped frame.  Like other ''shime-daiko'', drum heads are attached by metal hoops and fastened by rope or cords.<ref name=Shumei2 />{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=181}} ''Okedō'' can be played using the same drumsticks (called ''bachi'') as ''shime-daiko'', but can also be hand-played.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=181}} ''Okedō'' come in short- and long-bodied types.<ref name=Shumei2 />

''Tsuzumi'' are a class of hourglass-shaped drums.  The drum body is shaped on a spool and the inner body carved by hand.{{sfn|Blades|1992|p=126}}  Their skins can be made from cowhide, horsehide, or deerskin.{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=28}}  While the ''ō-tsuzumi'' skins are made from cowhide, ''ko-tsuzumi'' are made from horsehide.  While some classify ''tsuzumi'' as a type of taiko,{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=28}}{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=57}} others have described them as a drum entirely separate from taiko.{{sfn|Blades|1992|p=124}}{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=156}}

Taiko can also be categorized by the context in which they are used. The ''miya-daiko'', for instance, is constructed in the same manner as other ''byō-uchi-daiko'', but is distinguished by an ornamental stand and is used for ceremonial purposes at [[Buddhist temples in Japan|Buddhist temples]].{{sfn|Gould|1998|p=13}}{{sfn|Yoon|2001|p=420}} The {{nihongo4|''Sumō-daiko''|相撲太鼓}} (a ''ko-daiko'') and {{nihongo4|''sairei-nagadō''|祭礼長胴}} (a ''nagadō-daiko'' with a cigar-shaped body) are used in [[sumo]] and festivals respectively.{{sfn|Varian|2013|pp=129, 131}}

[[File:Yashima Gakutei - A woman playing a large suspended drum (tsuridaiko) A set of five prints for the Hisakataya poetry c... - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Block printing in Japan|woodprint block]] by [[Yashima Gakutei]] illustrating a woman playing a ''[[tsuri-daiko]]''|alt=refer to caption]]
Several drums, categorized as ''gagakki'', are used in the Japanese theatrical form, [[gagaku]].{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=169}} The lead instrument of the ensemble is the [[kakko (instrument)|kakko]],{{sfn|Malm|2000|p=104}} which is a smaller ''shime-daiko'' with heads made of deerskin, and is placed horizontally on a stand during performance.{{sfn|Malm|2000|p=104}}  A ''tsuzumi'', called the ''san-no-tsuzumi'' is another small drum in gagaku that is placed horizontally and struck with a thin stick.{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=27}} {{nihongo4|''Dadaiko''|鼉太鼓}} are the largest drums of the ensemble,{{sfn|Malm|2000|p=335}} and have heads that are about {{convert|127|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter. During performance, the drum is placed on a tall pedestals and surrounded by a rim decoratively painted with flames and adorned with mystical figures such as [[wyverns]].{{sfn|Blades|1992|pp=124–125}} ''Dadaiko'' are played while standing,{{sfn|Blades|1992|pp=123}} and are usually only played on the [[Beat (music)#Downbeat|downbeat]] of the music.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=169}} The {{nihongo4|''[[tsuri-daiko]]''|釣太鼓|"suspended drum"}} is a smaller drum that produces a lower sound, its head measuring about {{convert|55|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=171}} It is used in ensembles that accompany [[bugaku]], a traditional dance performed at the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]] and in religious contexts.{{sfn|Blades|1992|pp=122–123}} ''Tsuri-daiko'' are suspended on a small stand, and are played sitting down.{{sfn|Miki|2008|p=171}}  ''Tsuri-daiko'' performers typically use shorter mallets covered in leather knobs instead of [[bachi]].{{sfn|Blades|1992|pp=122–123}} They can be played simultaneously by two performers; while one performer plays on the head, another performer uses bachi on the body of the drum.{{sfn|Blades|1992|pp=122–123}}

The larger ''ō-tsuzumi'' and smaller ''ko-tsuzumi'' are used in the opening and dances of [[Noh theater]].{{sfn|Malm|2000|pp=137, 142}}  Both drums are struck using the fingers; players can also adjust pitch by manually applying pressure to the ropes on the drum.{{sfn|Varian|2013|p=58}} The color of the cords of these drums also indicates the skill of the musician:  Orange and red for amateur players, light blue for performers with expertise, and [[lilac (color)|lilac]] for masters of the instrument.{{sfn|Blades|1992|p=127}}  ''Nagauta-shime daiko'' or ''uta daiko'' are also featured in Noh performance.{{sfn|Blades|1992|p=125}}{{sfn|Roth|2002|p=161}}

Many taiko in Noh are also featured in [[kabuki]] performance and are used in a similar manner.{{sfn|Malm|1963|pp=74–77}}  In addition to the ''ō-tsuzumi'', ''ko-tsuzumi'', and ''nagauta-shime daiko'',{{sfn|Malm|1963|pp=75}} Kabuki performances make use of the larger ''ō-daiko'' offstage to help set the atmosphere for different scenes.{{sfn|Brandon|Leiter|2002|pp=153, 363}}