Editing Sutton Hoo (section)

== Anglo-Saxon cemetery ==

=== Background ===
{{further|Burial in Early Anglo-Saxon England|Kingdom of East Anglia}}
[[File:Williamson p16 3.svg|thumb|The [[Kingdom of East Anglia]] during the early Anglo/Angle-Saxon period, with Sutton Hoo in the south-eastern area near to the coast]]

After the withdrawal of the Romans from southern Britain after 410, Germanic tribes such as the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]] and [[Saxons]] began to settle in the southeastern part of the island. East Anglia is regarded by many scholars as a region in which this settlement was particularly early and dense; the area's name derives from that of the Angles. Over time, the remnants of the pre-existing Brittonic population adopted the culture of the newcomers.<ref>Toby F. Martin, ''The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England'' (2015: Boydell and Brewer), pp. 174–175</ref><ref name="Hills2015">Catherine Hills, "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption", in ''Migration and Disruptions: Toward a Unifying Theory of Ancient and Contemporary Migrations'', ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda (2015: University Press of Florida), pp. 47–48</ref><ref>Ken R. Dark, "Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD" (2003)</ref>

During this period, southern Britain became divided up into a number of small independent kingdoms. Several pagan cemeteries from the kingdom of the East Angles have been found, most notably at [[Spong Hill]] and [[Snape Anglo-Saxon Cemetery|Snape]], where a large number of cremations and inhumations were found. Many of the graves were accompanied by [[grave goods]], which included combs, tweezers and [[brooch]]es, as well as weapons. Sacrificed animals had been placed in the graves.{{sfn|Carver|1998|pp=103–104}}

At the time when the Sutton Hoo cemetery was in use, the River Deben would have formed part of a busy trading and transportation network. A number of settlements grew up along the river, most of which would have been small farmsteads, although it seems likely that there was a larger administrative centre as well, where the local aristocracy held court. Archaeologists have speculated that such a centre may have existed at Rendlesham, [[Melton, Suffolk|Melton]], [[Bromeswell]] or at Sutton Hoo. It has been suggested that the burial mounds used by wealthier families were later appropriated as sites for early churches. In such cases, the mounds would have been destroyed before the churches were constructed.{{sfn|Carver|1998|p=107}}

The Sutton Hoo grave field contained about twenty [[Tumulus|barrows]]; it was reserved for people who were buried individually with objects that indicated that they had exceptional wealth or prestige. It was used in this way from around 575 to 625 and contrasts with the Snape cemetery, where the ship-burial and furnished graves were added to a graveyard of buried pots containing cremated ashes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/-wXhwCPNMxMA8A |title=Sutton Hoo: Anglo-Saxon ship burial – Google Arts & Culture |work=Google Cultural Institute |access-date=12 August 2017 |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818100339/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/-wXhwCPNMxMA8A |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

=== The cremations and inhumations, Mounds 17 and 14 ===
[[File:Sutton Hoo map 2.svg|thumb|Mound 17 (orange), Mound 14 (purple), inhumations (green), and cremation graves (blue) at Sutton Hoo]]

[[Martin Carver]] believes that the [[cremation]] burials at Sutton Hoo were "among the earliest" in the cemetery.{{sfn|Carver|1998|p=107}} Two were excavated in 1938. Under Mound 3 were the ashes of a man and a [[Horses in Germanic paganism|horse]] placed on a wooden trough or dugout [[bier]], a [[Franks|Frankish]] iron-headed [[francisca|throwing-axe]], and imported objects from the eastern [[Mediterranean]], including the lid of a bronze [[ewer]], part of a miniature carved [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]] depicting a [[Victoria (mythology)|winged Victory]], and fragments of decorated bone from a [[Coffin|casket]].{{sfn|Bruce-Mitford|1975|pp=108–110, 112–115, 125–126}} Under Mound 4 was the cremated remains of a man and a woman, with a horse and perhaps also a dog, as well as fragments of bone gaming-pieces.{{sfn|Bruce-Mitford|1975|pp=124–125, 131}}

In Mounds 5, 6, and 7, Carver found cremations deposited in bronze bowls. In Mound 5 <!-- The man buried in had died from head wounds. --> were found gaming-pieces, small iron shears, a cup, and an [[ivory]] box. Mound 7 also contained gaming-pieces, as well as an iron-bound bucket, a sword-belt fitting and a drinking vessel, together with the remains of horse, cattle, [[red deer]], sheep, and pig that had been burnt with the deceased on a [[pyre]]. Mound 6 contained cremated animals, gaming-pieces, a sword-belt fitting, and a comb. The Mound 18 grave was very damaged, but of similar kind.{{sfn|Carver|1998|pp=107–110}}

Two cremations were found during the 1960s exploration to define the extent of Mound 5, together with two inhumations and a pit with a skull and fragments of decorative [[Foil (metal)|foil]].{{sfnm|Bruce-Mitford|1975|1pp=230–344|Evans|2001|2p=54}} In level areas between the mounds, Carver found three furnished inhumations. One small mound held a child's remains, along with his buckle and miniature spear. A man's grave included two belt buckles and a knife, and that of a woman contained a leather bag, a pin and a [[Chatelaine (chain)|chatelaine]].{{sfn|Carver|1998|pp=113–116}}

The most impressive of the burials without a chamber is that of a young man who was [[Horse burial|buried with his horse]],<ref>Carver, ''Sutton Hoo'', pp. 92, 133, 167.</ref> in Mound 17.<ref>Carver, ''Sutton Hoo'', 81–90, 110–116, plates III–V.</ref> The horse would have been sacrificed for the funeral, in a ritual sufficiently standardised to indicate a lack of sentimental attachment to it. Two undisturbed grave-hollows existed side by side under the mound. The man's oak [[coffin]] contained his [[Pattern welding|pattern welded]] sword on his right and his sword-belt, wrapped around the blade, which had a bronze buckle with [[garnet]] [[cloisonné]] cellwork, two pyramidal strapmounts and a [[scabbard]]-buckle.<ref name="ReferenceA">The analysis of the bridle and mounts is presented by Angela Evans in Carver 2005, 201–281.</ref>

By the man's head were a [[firesteel]] and a leather pouch, containing rough garnets and a piece of [[millefiori]] glass. Around the coffin were two spears, a shield, a small [[cauldron]] and a bronze bowl, a pot, an iron-bound bucket and some animal ribs. In the north-west corner of his grave was a [[bridle]], mounted with circular gilt bronze plaques with [[interlace (visual arts)|interlace]] ornamentation.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> These items are on display at Sutton Hoo.

[[File:Sutton.Hoo.Mound17.JorViking.jpg|thumb|Finds from Mound 17]]

Inhumation graves of this kind are known from both England and Germanic continental Europe,{{efn|The example from Eschwege, Niederhonen in the Lower Werra valley, a tributary of the River Weser, is displayed at [[Kassel]] Museum, Germany.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} }} with most dating from the 6th or early 7th century. In about 1820, an example was excavated at [[Witnesham]].{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|pp=51–53}} There are other examples at [[Lakenheath]] in western Suffolk and in the Snape cemetery:{{sfn|Caruth|Anderson|1999}} Other examples have been inferred from records of the discovery of horse furniture at [[Eye, Suffolk|Eye]] and [[Mildenhall, Suffolk|Mildenhall]].{{sfn|West|1998|pp=31–32, 83–86}}

Although the grave under Mound 14 had been destroyed almost completely by robbing, apparently during a heavy rainstorm, it had contained exceptionally high-quality goods belonging to a woman. These included a chatelaine, a kidney-shaped purse-lid, a bowl, several buckles, a dress-fastener, and the hinges of a casket, all made of silver, and also a fragment of embroidered cloth.<ref>Carver, ''Sutton Hoo'', pp. 81–82, 116.</ref>

=== Mound 2 ===

[[File:Sutton Hoo Burial Mound cleaned.jpg|right|thumb|Mound 2 is the only Sutton Hoo [[tumulus]] to have been reconstructed to its estimated original height]]

This important grave, damaged by looters, was probably the source of the many iron ship-[[rivets]] found at Sutton Hoo in 1860. In 1938, when the mound was excavated, iron rivets were found, which enabled the Mound 2 grave to be interpreted as a small boat.<ref>For the original discovery and finds, and their analysis, see Bruce-Mitford 1975, 104–117, 110–111.</ref> Carver's re-investigation revealed that there was a rectangular [[Plank (wood)|plank]]-lined chamber, {{convert|5|m}} long by {{convert|2|m}} wide, sunk below the land surface, with the body and grave-goods laid out in it. A small ship had been placed over this in an east–west alignment before a large earth mound was raised.<ref>Carver, ''Sutton Hoo'', pp. 75–81, 116–121.</ref>

[[Analytical chemistry|Chemical analysis]] of the chamber floor has suggested the presence of a body in the south-western corner. The goods found included fragments of a [[Anglo-Saxon glass|blue glass]] cup with a trailed decoration, similar to the recent find from the [[Royal Saxon tomb in Prittlewell|Prittlewell tomb]] in Essex. There were two gilt-bronze discs with [[Animal style|animal interlace ornament]], a bronze brooch, a silver buckle, and a gold-coated stud from a buckle. Four objects had a special kinship with the Mound 1 finds: the tip of a sword blade showed elaborate pattern welding; silver-gilt drinking horn-mounts (struck from the same dies as those in Mound 1); and the similarity of two fragments of dragon-like mounts or plaques.{{sfn|Bruce-Mitford|1975|pp=115–121}} Although the rituals were not identical, the association of the contents of the grave shows a connection between the two burials.<ref>Carver, ''Sutton Hoo'', 79–81</ref>

=== The execution burials ===

[[File:Sutton.Hoo.Body.JorViking.jpg|180px|thumb|"Sand body"<ref name="sand bodies"/> preserved for museum display]]
The cemetery contained remains of people who died violently, in some cases by hanging and decapitation. Often the [[bone]]s have not survived, but the flesh had stained the sandy soil: the soil was [[laminate]]d as digging progressed, so that the [[Emaciation|emaciated]] figures of the dead were revealed. Casts were taken of several of these.

The identification and discussion of these burials was led by Carver.<ref>Carver, ''Sutton Hoo'', pp. 72–75, 137–147.</ref> Two main groups were excavated, with one arranged around Mound 5 and the other situated beyond the barrow cemetery limits in the field to the east. It is thought that a [[gallows]] once stood on Mound 5, in a prominent position near to a significant river-crossing point, and that the graves contained the bodies of criminals, possibly executed from the 8th and 9th centuries onwards.<ref name="sand bodies">{{cite web |title=History of archaeology at Sutton Hoo |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/suffolk/sutton-hoo/history-of-archaeology-at-sutton-hoo |publisher=[[National Trust]] |access-date=October 23, 2024 |location=1983–93: Widening the search, Ghosts in the sand |quote=the resting place of a warrior and the gruesome ‘sand bodies’. ... when the soil was scraped back, the outlines of more graves appeared. With careful excavation, human forms could be detected as areas of harder, darker sand. These ‘sand bodies’ lay in a variety of distorted positions, indicating that, unlike previous finds, these individuals had not been ceremoniously buried.}}</ref>

=== The new grave field ===

In 2000, a Suffolk County Council team excavated the site intended for the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'s new [[visitor center|visitor centre]], north of [[Tranmer House, Sutton Hoo|Tranmer House]], at a point where the ridge of the Deben valley veers westwards to form a [[promontory]]. When the [[topsoil]] was removed, early Anglo-Saxon burials were discovered in one corner, with some possessing high-status objects.<ref>Described by Jon Newman in Carver 2005, 483–487.</ref> The area had first attracted attention with the discovery of part of a 6th-century bronze vessel, of eastern Mediterranean origin, that had probably formed part of a furnished burial. The outer surface of the so-called "Bromeswell bucket" was decorated with a Syrian- or [[Nubia]]n-style [[frieze]], depicting naked warriors in combat with leaping lions, and had an inscription in [[Greek language|Greek]] that translated as "Use this in good health, Master Count, for many happy years."{{sfn|Mango|Mango|Evans|Hughes|1989|p=297}}

In an area near to a former [[rose]] garden, a group of moderate-sized burial mounds was identified. They had long since been levelled, but their position was shown by circular ditches that each enclosed a small deposit indicating the presence of a single burial, probably of unurned human ashes. One burial lay in an irregular [[oval]] pit that contained two vessels, a stamped black earthenware urn of late 6th-century type, and a well-preserved large bronze [[hanging bowl]], with openwork hook escutcheons and a related circular mount at the centre.<ref>See the legend of [[Æthelred of Kent|Saint Æthelred]].</ref> In another burial, a man had been laid next to his spear and covered with a shield of normal size. The shield bore an ornamented boss-stud and two fine metal mounts, ornamented with a predatory bird and a dragon-like creature.<ref>See Plunkett 2002, 22.</ref>
<!-- The Vendel-type connections with Mound 1 were significant. -->

=== Mound 1 ===
[[File:Sutton Hoo map.svg|thumb|Mound 1 (in red) within the burial ground (burial mounds are coloured grey)]]

The ship-burial discovered under Mound 1 in 1939 contained one of the most magnificent archaeological finds in England for its size and completeness, far-reaching connections, the quality and beauty of its contents, and for the profound interest it generated.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/golden-hoard-sheds-light-on-dark-ages-1792915.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/golden-hoard-sheds-light-on-dark-ages-1792915.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Golden hoard sheds light on Dark Ages |newspaper=www.independent.co.uk |access-date=3 October 2010 |first=Arifa |last=Akbar |date=25 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/sutton-hoo.htm |title=AD 700 – Sutton Hoo: Current Archaeology |date=24 May 2007 |publisher=www.archaeology.co.uk |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924021621/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/sutton-hoo.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== The burial ====

Although practically none of the original timber survived, the form of the ship was perfectly preserved.<ref>A.C. Evans and R. Bruce-Mitford in Bruce-Mitford 1975, 345–435; Evans 1986, 23–29. For its context in symbolism, see Crumlin-Pederson 1995.</ref> Stains in the sand had replaced the wood but had preserved many construction details. Nearly all of the iron planking rivets were in their original places. It was possible to survey the original ship, which was found to be {{convert|27|m}} long, pointed at either end with tall rising [[sternpost|stem and stern posts]] and widening to {{convert|4.4|m}} in the beam amidships with an inboard depth of {{convert|1.5|m}} over the [[keel]] line.

From the keel board, the [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]] was constructed [[Clinker (boat building)|clinker-fashion]] with nine planks on either side, fastened with rivets. Twenty-six wooden [[Rib (nautical)|ribs]] strengthened the form. Repairs were visible: this had been a seagoing vessel of excellent craftsmanship, but there was no descending keel. The decking, benches and mast were removed. In the fore and [[aft]] sections along the [[gunwales]], there were oar-rests shaped like the Old English [[Thorn (letter)|letter "thorn"]], indicating that there may have been positions for forty oarsmen. The [[central chamber]] had timber walls at either end and a roof, which was probably pitched.

The heavy [[oak]] vessel had been hauled from the river up the hill and lowered into a prepared trench, so only the tops of the stem and stern posts rose above the land surface.{{sfnm|Bruce-Mitford|1975|1pp=176–180|Evans|1986|2pp=32–40}} After the addition of the body and the artefacts, an oval mound was constructed, which covered the ship and rose above the horizon at the riverward side of the cemetery.{{sfn|Bruce-Mitford|1975|pp=144–156}} The view to the river is now obscured by Top Hat Wood, but the mound would have been a visible symbol of power to those using the waterway. This appears to have been the final occasion upon which the Sutton Hoo cemetery was used for its original purpose.<ref>Carver, ''Sutton Hoo'', pp. 132–135. Several mounds remain unexcavated, see p. 179.</ref>

Long afterwards, the roof collapsed violently under the weight of the mound, compressing the ship's contents into a seam of earth.{{sfn|Bruce-Mitford|1975|pp=488–577}}

Using the imprint of the longship in the sand around its location, archaeologist Angela Care Evans made plans to create a full size replica. Work began in 2021, using oak planks and iron rivets, with help from a charity, the Sutton Hoo Ship's Company. The estimated date of completion was 2024 and the ship was expected to be functional. Shipwright, Tim Kirk, made this comment to [[ITV News]]: "it is really just a big experimental archaeology programme, [but] we're hoping to learn how the ship actually sailed". The plans called for training a crew of at least 80 rowers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2021-11-10/first-finished-pieces-of-replica-ship-pieced-together-at-sutton-hoo |title=Piecing a piece of history together: replica of Sutton Hoo ship takes shape |date=10 November 2021 |work=ITV plc |access-date=2 March 2023 |quote="We can do computer simulations of this, but to actually find out there's only one way to do it and that's to build it and put it in the water and row it and then perhaps sail it." |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302143101/https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2021-11-10/first-finished-pieces-of-replica-ship-pieced-together-at-sutton-hoo |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== The body in the ship-burial ====

The presence of a platform (or a large coffin) that was about {{convert|9|ft}} indicated that there was a body present.<ref>Carver 1998, 188, Ch. 3 n.13.</ref> An iron-bound wooden bucket, an iron lamp containing [[beeswax]], and a bottle of north continental manufacture were close by. The objects around the body indicate that it lay with the head at the west end of the wooden structure.

The man who was buried under Mound 1 cannot be identified,.{{sfn|Bruce-Mitford|1975|pp=683–717}} Artefacts near the body have been identified as [[regalia]], pointing to its being that of a king. Most of the suggestions for the occupant are [[List of monarchs of East Anglia|East Anglian kings]] because of the proximity of the [[royal vill]] of Rendlesham. Since 1940, when [[H.M. Chadwick]] first ventured that the ship-burial was probably the grave of [[Rædwald of East Anglia|Rædwald]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chadwick |first1=H. Munro |title=The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial. VIII. Who Was He? |journal=Antiquity |date=1940 |volume=14 |issue=53 |pages=76–87 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00014812 |s2cid=163574359 }}</ref> the identification with Rædwald has gained widespread scholarly acceptance

From time to time, other identifications are suggested, including his sons [[Eorpwald]], [[Sigeberht of East Anglia|Sigeberht]]<ref name=BM/> or [[Ecgric]].{{sfn|Bruce-Mitford|1975|pp=63, 99}} Rædwald is the most likely of the candidates because of the high quality of the imported and commissioned materials and the resources needed to assemble them, the authority that the gold was intended to convey, the community involvement required to conduct the ritual at a cemetery reserved for an elite, the close proximity of Sutton Hoo to Rendlesham and the probable date horizons.{{efn|See, e.g., {{harvnb|Campbell|1992}}. Carver, ''Sutton Hoo'', pp. 22–23, says Chadwick's identification was "repeatedly endorsed by other scholars for fifty years", and that Rædwald "is still the favourite candidate"; see also pp. 172–173 and notes.|name=|group=}}

As of 2019, the refurbished museum on the site states that the body is Rædwald while the British Museum just says a "King of East Anglia". Analysis of the [[Merovingian coins]] by Gareth Williams, Curator of Early Medieval Coinage at the British Museum, has narrowed the date of the burial to 610 to 635. This makes Sigeberht, who died in 637, less likely. Rædwald is still the favourite, although Eorpwald also fits the timescale as he died 627–28.{{sfn|Hilts|2019|p=48}}

Although this is a likely explanation it is still controversial, as reflected in the comments in the article on Rædwald in the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' ("It has been argued, more strongly than convincingly, that Rædwald must be the man buried in Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo")<ref>Campbell, Rædwald</ref> and by McClure and Collins, who note that the evidence for Rædwald is "almost non-existent".<ref>Bede, edited by McClure and Collins, ''The Ecclesiastical History of the English People'', n. 98, p. 381</ref> Alternative suggestions as candidates include other East Anglian kings or a prestigious foreign visitor,<ref>Bruce-Mitford, ''Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and other discoveries'', p. 3</ref> or a wealthy status-seeker, rather than a king,<ref name=Kirby_66>Kirby, ''The Earliest English Kings'', p. 66</ref> though Rendlesham, a known residence of the East Anglian kings, is only {{convert|4|miles|km}} away.<ref>Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'', p. 51</ref> In 2025 Helen Gittos from [[Oxford University]] argued that the body was an elite local soldier who had fought for the [[Byzantine Empire]], probably as a member of the cavalry troops known as the ''Foederati''.{{sfn|Gittos|2024}}{{sfn|UofOxford|2025}}

Closer inspection of the sword hilt suggests that the occupant was [[Handedness|left-handed]], as the hilt's [[Ductility|malleable]] gold pieces are worn down on the opposite side than would be expected with a right-handed owner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hands on with the Sutton Hoo sword I Curator's Corner Season 5 Episode 1 |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nb9vTu73xmE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/nb9vTu73xmE |archive-date=7 November 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=www.youtube.com |date=5 August 2019}}{{cbignore }}</ref> The unorthodox sword placement on the right side of the body supports this theory, as other Anglo Saxon burials placed the sword on the left side of the body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Härke |first=Heinrich |date=1990 |title="Warrior Graves"? The Background of the Anglo-Saxon Weapon Burial Rite |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/650808 |journal=Past & Present |issue=126 |pages=22–43 |doi=10.1093/past/126.1.22 |jstor=650808 |issn=0031-2746 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154510/https://www.jstor.org/stable/650808 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a body was not found, there was early speculation that the ship-burial was a [[cenotaph]] rather than a grave.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/death-and-memory/anglo-saxon-ship-burial-sutton-hoo|access-date=12 November 2020|website=The British Museum|language=en}}</ref>  The only sign of body being a chemical stain which could have had other origins; indeed, the site includes burials of both meat and companion animals.  Further, there is a lack of shroud ties, and no clear evidence of items which might have adorned a body being left in the expected places in relation to the stain. However, more recent analysis detected phosphate in the soil – an indicator that a human body once lay at rest there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo, The Missing Body |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/death-and-memory/anglo-saxon-ship-burial-sutton-hoo#a-kings-grave|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The British Museum|language=en}}</ref> The cenotaph theory may be consistent with the transition from pagan burial to Christian burial; certainly as far as Rædwald is concerned, he could have received a Christian burial, and the mound, whether completed before or after his conversion, being used as a memorial and as symbol of the status of the Kingship of East Anglia. Soil analyses conducted in 1967 found [[phosphate]] traces, supporting the view that a body had disappeared in the acidic soil.<ref name=BM>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/w/who_was_buried_at_sutton_hoo.aspx |title=British Museum – Who was buried at Sutton Hoo? |publisher=www.britishmuseum.org |access-date=19 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216030235/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/w/who_was_buried_at_sutton_hoo.aspx |archive-date=16 December 2010 }}</ref>