Editing Surveillance (section)

===Biometric===
[[File:US-VISIT (CBP).jpg|thumb|right|Fingerprints being scanned as part of the [[US-VISIT]] program]]
{{Main|Biometrics}}

Biometric surveillance is a technology that measures and analyzes human physical and/or behavioral characteristics for authentication, identification, or screening purposes.<ref name="rand-facial">{{cite book|last=Woodward|first=John|author2=Christopher Horn|author3=Julius Gatune|author4=Aryn Thomas|title=Biometrics: A Look at Facial Recognition|publisher=RAND Corporation|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8330-3302-4|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA414520|access-date=March 15, 2009|archive-date=September 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908174005/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA414520|url-status=dead}}</ref> Examples of physical characteristics include fingerprints, DNA, and facial patterns. Examples of mostly behavioral characteristics include gait (a person's manner of walking) or voice.

[[Facial recognition system|Facial recognition]] is the use of the unique configuration of a person's facial features to accurately identify them, usually from surveillance video. Both the Department of Homeland Security and [[DARPA]] are heavily funding research into facial recognition systems.<ref name="usatoday-facial">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-10-facial-recognition-terrorism_N.htm|title=Face recognition next in terror fight|last=Frank|first=Thomas|date=May 10, 2007|work=USA Today|access-date=March 16, 2009}}</ref> The [[Information Processing Technology Office]] ran a program known as [[Human Identification at a Distance]] which developed technologies that are capable of identifying a person at up to {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} by their facial features.

Another form of behavioral biometrics, based on [[affective computing]], involves computers recognizing a person's emotional state based on an analysis of their facial expressions, how fast they are talking, the tone and pitch of their voice, their posture, and other behavioral traits. This might be used for instance to see if a person's behavior is suspect (looking around furtively, "tense" or "angry" facial expressions, waving arms, etc.).<ref name="pop-mech-cameras">{{cite news|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/4236865.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219164859/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/4236865.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-12-19|title=Surveillance Society: New High-Tech Cameras Are Watching You|last=Vlahos|first=James|date=January 2008|work=Popular Mechanics|access-date=March 14, 2009}}</ref>

A more recent development is [[DNA profiling]], which looks at some of the major markers in the body's DNA to produce a match. The FBI is spending $1 billion to build a new biometric database, which will store DNA, facial recognition data, iris/retina (eye) data, fingerprints, palm prints, and other biometric data of people living in the United States. The computers running the database are contained in an underground facility about the size of two [[American football field]]s.<ref name="wpost-biometricdb">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/21/AR2007122102544.html|title=FBI Prepares Vast Database Of Biometrics: $1 Billion Project to Include Images of Irises and Faces|last=Nakashima|first=Ellen|date=December 22, 2007|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|pages=A01|access-date=May 6, 2009}}</ref><ref name="fbi-biometric-db">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/02/04/fbi.biometrics/|title=FBI wants palm prints, eye scans, tattoo mapping|last=Arena|first=Kelly|author2=Carol Cratty |date=February 4, 2008|work=CNN|access-date=March 14, 2009}}</ref><ref name="fbi-biometric-idg">{{cite news|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/02/13/Lockheed-wins-1B-FBI-biometric-contract_1.html|title=Lockheed wins $1 billion FBI biometric contract|last=Gross|first=Grant|date=February 13, 2008|work=IDG News Service|publisher=InfoWorld|access-date=March 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617002203/http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/02/13/Lockheed-wins-1B-FBI-biometric-contract_1.html|archive-date=June 17, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Los Angeles Police Department is installing automated facial recognition and [[Automatic number plate recognition|license plate recognition]] devices in its squad cars, and providing handheld face scanners, which officers will use to identify people while on patrol.<ref name="wired-lapd">{{cite web|url=http://thehightechhouse.weebly.com/lapd-we-know-that-mug.html|title=LAPD: We Know That Mug|date=December 26, 2004|agency=Associated Press|magazine=Wired Magazine|access-date=March 18, 2009}}</ref><ref name="nbc-lapd-facial">{{cite web|url=http://www.officer.com/web/online/Top-News-Stories/LAPD-Uses-Face-Recognition-Technology-To-Fight-Crime/1$31230|title=LAPD Uses Face Recognition Technology To Fight Crime|last=Mack|first=Kelly|work=NBC4 TV (transcript from Officer.com)|access-date=December 20, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330144142/http://www.officer.com/web/online/Top-News-Stories/LAPD-Uses-Face-Recognition-Technology-To-Fight-Crime/1$31230|archive-date=March 30, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="latimes-lapd-analysis-center">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/09/crime-lab.html|title=LAPD opens new high-tech crime analysis center|last=Willon|first=Phil|date=September 17, 2009 |newspaper=LA Times|access-date=December 20, 2009}}</ref>

[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201308/explainer-facial-thermography Facial thermographs] are in development, which allow machines to identify certain emotions in people such as fear or stress, by measuring the temperature generated by blood flow to different parts of the face.<ref name="wired-lying-face">{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2004/10/65322|title=Can't Hide Your Lying ... Face?|last=Dotinga|first=Randy|date=October 14, 2004|work=Wired Magazine|access-date=March 18, 2009}}</ref> Law enforcement officers believe that this has potential for them to identify when a suspect is nervous, which might indicate that they are hiding something, lying, or worried about something.<ref name="wired-lying-face"/>

In [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-018-9493-1/ his paper] in [[Ethics and Information Technology]], Avi Marciano maps the harms caused by biometric surveillance, traces their theoretical origins, and brings these harms together in one integrative framework to elucidate their cumulative power. Marciano proposes four types of harms: Unauthorized use of bodily information, denial or limitation of access to physical spaces, bodily social sorting, and symbolic ineligibility through construction of marginality and otherness. Biometrics' social power, according to Marciano, derives from three main features: their complexity as "enigmatic technologies", their objective-scientific image, and their increasing agency, particularly in the context of automatic decision-making.