Editing Suppletion (section)

== Examples in languages ==
=== Albanian ===
In [[Albanian language|Albanian]] there are 14 irregular verbs divided into suppletive and non-suppletive:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb 
!Meaning!! Present !! Preterite  !! Imperfect 
|-
! {{lang|sq|qenë}}!!to be
| {{lang|sq|jam}}  || {{lang|sq|qeshë}}  || {{lang|sq|isha}} 
|-
! {{lang|sq|pasur}}!!to have
| {{lang|sq|kam}} || {{lang|sq|pata}} || {{lang|sq|kisha}}
|-
! {{lang|sq|ngrënë}}!!to eat
| {{lang|sq|ha}}  || {{lang|sq|hëngra}}  || {{lang|sq|haja}} 
|-
! {{lang|sq|ardhur}}!!to come
| {{lang|sq|vij}}  || {{lang|sq|erdha}}  || {{lang|sq|vija}} 
|-
! {{lang|sq|dhënë}}!!to give
| {{lang|sq|jap}}  || {{lang|sq|dhashë}}  || {{lang|sq|jepja}} 
|-
! {{lang|sq|parë}}!!to see
| {{lang|sq|shoh}}  || {{lang|sq|pashë}}  || {{lang|sq|shihja}} 
|-
! {{lang|sq|rënë}}!!to fall, strike
| {{lang|sq|bie}} || {{lang|sq|rashë}} || {{lang|sq|bija}}
|-
! {{lang|sq|prurë}}!!to bring
| {{lang|sq|bie}} || {{lang|sq|prura}} || {{lang|sq|bija}}
|-
! {{lang|sq|ndenjur}}!! to stay
| {{lang|sq|rri}} || {{lang|sq|ndenja}} || {{lang|sq|rrija}}
|}

=== Ancient Greek ===
{{Main|Ancient Greek verbs#Verbs using more than one stem}}
[[Ancient Greek]] had a large number of suppletive verbs. A few examples, listed by [[principal parts]]:
:*''erkhomai, eîmi/eleusomai, ēlthon, elēlutha, —, —'' "go, come".
:*''legō, eraō (erô) / leksō, eipon / eleksa, eirēka, eirēmai / lelegmai, elekhthēn / errhēthēn'' "say, speak".
:*''horaō, opsomai, eidon, heorāka / heōrāka, heōrāmai / ōmmai, ōphthēn'' "see".
:*''pherō, oisō, ēnegka / ēnegkon, enēnokha, enēnegmai, ēnekhthēn'' "carry".
:*''pōleō, apodōsomai, apedomēn, peprāka, peprāmai, eprāthēn'' "sell".

=== Bulgarian ===
In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], the word {{langx|bg|човек|chovek|label=none}} ("man", "human being") is suppletive. The strict plural form, {{langx|bg|човеци|chovetsi|label=none}}, is used only in Biblical context (like "brethren" as the archaic or symbolic plural of "brother" in English). In modern usage it has been replaced by the Greek loan {{langx|el|хора|khora|label=none}}. The counter form (the special form for masculine nouns, used after numerals) is suppletive as well: {{langx|bg|души|dushi|label=none}} (with the accent on the first syllable). For example, {{langx|bg|двама, трима души|dvama, trima dushi|label=none}} ("two, three people"); this form has no singular either. (A related but different noun is the plural {{langx|bg|души|dushi|label=none}}, singular {{langx|bg|душа|dusha|label=none}} ("soul"), both with accent on the last syllable.)

=== English ===
In English, the complicated [[irregular verb]] ''to be'' has forms from several different roots:
*''be'', ''been'', ''being''—from [[Old English]] ''bēon'' ("to be, become"), from [[Proto-Germanic]] *''beuną'' ("to be, exist, come to be, become"), from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''bʰúHt'' (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”), from the root *''bʰuH-'' ("to become, grow, appear").
*''am'', ''is'', ''are''—from [[Middle English]] ''am, em, is, aren'', from [[Old English]] ''eam, eom, is, earun, earon'', from [[Proto-Germanic]] *''immi'', *''izmi'', *''isti'', *''arun'', all forms of the verb *''wesaną'' ("to be; dwell"), from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''h₁ésmi'' ("I am, I exist"), from the root *''h₁es-'' ("to be").
*''was'', ''were''—from [[Old English]] ''wæs'', ''wǣre'', from [[Proto-Germanic]] *''was'', *''wēz'', from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] root *''h₂wes''- ("to dwell, reside")

This verb is suppletive in most Indo-European languages, as well as in some non-Indo-European languages such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]].

An incomplete suppletion exists in English with the plural of ''person'' (from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|persona}}). The regular plural ''persons'' occurs mainly in legalistic use. More commonly, the singular of the unrelated noun ''people'' (from Latin {{lang|la|populus}}) is used as the plural; for example, "two people were living on a one-person salary" (note the plural verb). In its original sense of "populace, ethnic group", ''people'' is itself a singular noun with regular plural ''peoples''.
<!--Commented out pending discovery of sources that this is the standard view:
=== Gaelic ===
* In Gaelic, the plural of ''duine'' (man) is ''daoine'' (men). This is an interesting example since it looks non-suppletive and only slightly irregular, especially as Gaelic uses vowel-fronting to produce regular plurals. However, ''duine'' and ''daoine'' are in fact derived from completely separate Indo-European roots.
-->

===Hungarian===
* The verb "to be": {{lang|hu|van}} ("there is"),  {{lang|hu|vagyok}}, {{lang|hu|vagy}} ("I am", "you are"), {{lang|hu|lenni}} ("to be"), {{lang|hu|lesz}} ("will be"), {{lang|hu|nincs}}, {{lang|hu|sincs}} ("there is not", "there is neither", replacing {{lang|hu|nem}} + {{lang|hu|van}} and {{lang|hu|sem}} + {{lang|hu|van}} respectively).
* The verb {{lang|hu|jön}} ("come") has the imperative {{lang|hu|gyere}} (the regular {{lang|hu|jöjj}} is dated).
* The numeral {{lang|hu|sok}} ("many/a lot") has the comparative {{lang|hu|több}} and the superlative {{lang|hu|legtöbb}}.
* The adverb {{lang|hu|kicsit}} ("a little") has the comparative {{lang|hu|kevésbé}} and the superlative {{lang|hu|legkevésbé}}.
* Many inflected forms of personal pronouns are formed by using the suffix as the base: {{lang|hu|nekem}} ("to me") from {{lang|hu|-nak/-nek}} (dative suffix) and {{lang|hu|-em}} (first person singular possessive suffix). Even among these, the superessive form ("on") uses the root {{lang|hu|rajta}} instead of the suffix {{lang|hu|-on/-en/-ön}}.
* The numerals {{lang|hu|egy}}, {{lang|hu|kettő}} ("one", "two") have the ordinal forms {{lang|hu|első}}, {{lang|hu|második}} ("first", "second"). However they are regular in compounds: {{lang|hu|tizenegyedik}}, {{lang|hu|tizenkettedik}} ("eleventh", "twelfth").

===Irish===

Several irregular [[Irish verbs]] are suppletive:

* ''abair'' (to say): derived from [[Old Irish]] ''as·beir'', from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] roots *''h₁eǵʰs''- ("out") and *''bʰer''- ("bear, carry"). However, the verbal noun ''rá'' is derived from [[Old Irish]] ''rád'', ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''reh₂dʰ-'' ("perform successfully").
* ''bí'' (to be): derived from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''bʰuH''- ("grow, become, come into being, appear"). However, the present tense form ''tá'' is derived from [[Old Irish]] ''at·tá'', from [[Proto-Celtic]] *''ad-tāyeti'', ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''steh₂''- ("stand").
* ''beir'' (to catch): derived from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''bʰer''- ("bear, carry"). However, the past tense form ''rug'' is derived from [[Old Irish]] ''rouic'', which is from [[Proto-Celtic]] *''ɸro-ōnkeyo''-, ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European]] roots *''pro''- ("forth, forward") and *''h₂neḱ''- ("reach").
* ''feic'' (to see): derived from [[Old Irish]] ''aicci'', from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''kʷey''- ("observe"). However, the past tense form ''chonaic'' is derived from [[Old Irish]] '' ad·condairc'', ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''derḱ₂''- ("see").
* ''téigh'' (to go): derived from [[Old Irish]] ''téit'', from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''stéygʰeti''- ("to be walking, to be climbing"). However, the future form ''rachaidh'' is derived from [[Old Irish]] ''regae'', ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''h₁r̥gʰ''- ("go, move"), while the verbal noun ''dul'' is from *''h₁ludʰét'' ("arrive").

There are several suppletive [[comparative and superlative]] forms in Irish; in addition to the ones [[#Example_words|listed above]], there is:
*''fada'', "long";  comparative ''níos faide'' or ''níos sia'' — ''fada'' is from Old Irish ''fota'', from Proto-Indo-European *''wasdʰos'' (“long, wide”); compare [[Latin]] ''vāstus'' (“wide”), while ''sia'' is from Old Irish ''sír'' ("long, long-lasting"), from Proto-Celtic *''sīros'' (“long”); compare Welsh/Breton ''hir''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dil.ie/37651|title=eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary|website=www.dil.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nualeargais.ie/gnag/adjekt2.htm|title=Comparative forms|website=nualeargais.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.potafocal.com/beo/?s=sia|title=Pota Focal &#124; sia|website=Pota Focal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxfNCQAAQBAJ&q=%22n%C3%ADos+sia%22&pg=PT648|title=Impreasin na Gaeilge I – Z: (Fuaim na Gaeilge)|first=Seosamh Mac|last=Ionnrachtaigh|date=June 2, 2015|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781496984203|via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Japanese===
In modern Japanese, the copulae だ, である and です take な to create "attributive forms" of [[Adjectival noun (Japanese)|adjectival nouns]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E-59186#w-59186|website=Kotobank|title=形容動詞}}</ref> (hence the English moniker, "''na''-adjectives"):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Irrealis<br />未然形
! Adverbial<br />連用形
! Conclusive<br />終止形
! Attributive<br />連体形
! Hypothetical<br />仮定形
! Imperative<br />命令形
|-
| だろ -daro
| だっ -daQ<br />で -de<br />に -ni
| だ -da
| な -na
| なら -nara
| &nbsp;
|}

The "conclusive" and "attributive" forms, だ and な, were constructed similarly, from a combination of a [[Japanese particles|particle]] and an inflection form of the old verb あり (''ari'', "to exist").
*で + あり ("conclusive") → であり → であ → だ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A0-556047#w-556054|website=Kotobank|title=だ}}</ref>
*に + ある ("attributive") → なる → なん → な<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AA-586863#w-2069724|website=Kotobank|title=な}}</ref>

(Note: で itself was also a contraction of earlier にて.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A7-573220#w-2054769|website=Kotobank|title=で}}</ref>)

In modern Japanese, である ("conclusive") simply retains the older appearance of だ, while です is a different verb that can be used as a suppleted form of だ. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed for the etymology of です, one of which is a contraction of であります:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99-575878|website=Kotobank|title=です}}</ref>
*で + あり ("adverbial") + ます → であります → です

The basic construction of the negative form of a Japanese verb is the "irrealis" form followed by ない, which would result in such hypothetical constructions as *だらない and *であらない. However, these constructions are not used in modern Japanese, and the construction ではない is used instead.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book|page=15|chapter=Verbs|title=Handbook of Modern Japanese Grammar|last=Matsuoka McClain|first=Yoko|publisher=The Hokuseido Press|location=Tokyo|year=1983|edition=6th}}</ref> This is because *あらない, the hypothetically regular negative form of ある, is not used either, and is simply replaced with ない.
*あら ("irrealis") + ない → ない
*であら ("irrealis") + ない → ではない
*だら ("irrealis") + ない → ではない → じゃない

While the auxiliary ない causes suppletion, other auxiliaries such as ん and ありません do not necessarily.
*あら ("irrealis") + ん → あらん
*あり ("adverbial") + ませ + ん → ありません
*であり ("adverbial") + ませ + ん → でありません

For です, its historical "irrealis" form, でせ has not been attested to create a negative form (only でせう → でしょう has been attested, and there were and are no *でせん and *でせない).<ref>{{cite book|page=508|title=日本語文法大辞典|last=Yamaguchi|first=Akiho|last2=秋山|first2=守英|publisher=Meiji Shoin|date=1 March 2001}}</ref> Thus, it has to borrow でありません as its negative form instead.<ref name=handbook/>

To express a potential meaning, as in "can do", most verbs use the "irrealis" form followed by れる or られる. する, notably has no such construction, and has to use a different verb for this meaning, できる.

=== Latin ===
{{Main|Latin conjugation}}[[Latin]] has several suppletive verbs. A few examples, listed by [[principal parts]]:
:*''sum, esse, fuī, futūrus'' - "be".
:*''ferō, ferre, tulī or tetulī, lātus'' - "carry, bear".
:*''fīō, fierī, factus sum'' (suppletive and [[semi-deponent]]) - "become, be made, happen"

=== Polish ===
In some Slavic languages, a few verbs have imperfective and perfective forms arising from different roots. For example, in [[Polish language|Polish]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb !! [[Imperfective]] !! [[Perfective]]
|-
! to take
| {{lang|pl|brać}} || {{lang|pl|wziąć}}
|-
! to say
| {{lang|pl|mówić}} || {{lang|pl|powiedzieć}}
|-
! to see
| {{lang|pl|widzieć}} || {{lang|pl|zobaczyć}}
|-
! to watch
| {{lang|pl|oglądać}} || {{lang|pl|obejrzeć}}
|-
! to put
| {{lang|pl|kłaść}} || {{lang|pl|położyć}}
|-
! to find
| {{lang|pl|znajdować}} || {{lang|pl|znaleźć}}
|-
! to go in/to go out (on foot)
| {{lang|pl|wchodzić, wychodzić}} || {{lang|pl|wejść, wyjść}}
|-
! to ride in/to ride out (by car)
| {{lang|pl|wjeżdżać, wyjeżdżać}} || {{lang|pl|wjechać, wyjechać}}
|}
Note that {{lang|pl|z—}}, {{lang|pl|przy—}}, {{lang|pl|w—}}, and {{lang|pl|wy—}} are [[prefix]]es and are not part of the root

In [[Polish language|Polish]], the plural form of {{lang|pl|rok}} ("year") is {{lang|pl|lata}} which comes from the plural of {{lang|pl|lato}} ("summer"). A similar suppletion occurs in {{langx|ru|год|god}} ("year") > {{langx|ru|лет|let|label=none}} (genitive of "years").

=== Romanian ===
The Romanian verb {{lang|ro|a fi}} ("to be") is suppletive and irregular, with the infinitive coming from Latin ''fieri'', but conjugated forms from forms of already suppletive Latin ''sum''. For example, {{lang|ro|eu sunt}} ("I am"), {{lang|ro|tu ești}} ("you are"), {{lang|ro|eu am fost}} ("I have been"), {{lang|ro|eu eram}} ("I used to be"), {{lang|ro|eu fusei/fui}} ("I was"); while the subjunctive, also used to form the future in {{lang|ro|o să fiu}} ("I will be/am going to be"), is linked to the infinitive.

=== Russian ===
In [[Russian language|Russian]], the word {{langx|ru|человек|chelovek|label=none}} ("man, human being") is suppletive. The strict plural form, {{langx|ru|человеки|cheloveki|label=none}}, is used only in Orthodox Church contexts, with numerals (e. g. {{langx|ru|пять человек|pyat chelovek|label=none}} "five people") and in humorous context. It may have originally been the unattested {{langx|ru|*человекы|*cheloveky|label=none}}. In any case, in modern usage, it has been replaced by {{langx|ru|люди|lyudi|label=none}}, the singular form of which is known in Russian only as a component of compound words (such as {{langx|ru|простолюдин|prostolyudin|label=none}}). This suppletion also exists in [[Polish language|Polish]] ({{lang|pl|człowiek}} > {{lang|pl|ludzie}}), [[Czech language|Czech]] ({{lang|cs|člověk}} > {{lang|cs|lidé}}), [[Serbo-Croatian]] ({{lang|sr|čovjek}} > {{lang|sr|ljudi}}),<ref>{{cite book |last=Kordić |first=Snježana |author-link=Snježana Kordić |editor1-last=Tatarin |editor1-first=Milovan |title=Zavičajnik: zbornik Stanislava Marijanovića: povodom sedamdesetogodišnjice života i četrdesetpetogodišnjice znanstvenoga rada |publisher=Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera, Filozofski fakultet |page=191 |language=sh |chapter=Gramatička kategorija broja |trans-chapter=Grammatical category of number |chapter-url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426600.GRAMATICKA_KATEGORIJA_BR.PDF |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426600.GRAMATICKA_KATEGORIJA_BR.PDF |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |location=Osijek |year=2005 |isbn=953-6456-54-0 |oclc=68777865 |s2cid=224274961 |ssrn=3438755 |id={{CROSBI|426600}} |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> [[Slovene language|Slovene]] ({{lang|sl|človek}} > {{lang|sl|ljudje}}), and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] ({{lang|mk|човек}} ({{transliteration|mk|čovek}}) > {{lang|mk|луѓе}} ({{transliteration|mk|lugje}})).