Editing Sunni Islam (section)

===Transition of caliphate into dynastic monarchy of Banu Umayya===
The seeds of metamorphosis of caliphate into kingship were sown, as the second caliph Umar had feared, as early as the regime of the third caliph Uthman, who appointed many of his kinsmen from his clan [[Banu Umayya]], including [[Marwan I|Marwān]] and [[Al-Walid ibn Uqba|Walid bin Uqba]] on important government positions, becoming the main cause of turmoil resulting in his murder and the ensuing infighting during Ali's time and rebellion by [[Muawiyah I|Muāwiya]], another of Uthman's kinsman. This ultimately resulted in the establishment of firm dynastic rule of [[Banu Umayya]] after [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husain]], the younger son of Ali from [[Fatima bint Muhammad|Fātima]],  was killed at the [[Battle of Karbala|Battle of Karbalā]]. The rise to power of Banu Umayya, the Meccan tribe of elites who had vehemently opposed Muhammad under the leadership of [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyān]], Muāwiya's father, right up to the [[conquest of Mecca]] by Muhammad, as his successors with the accession of Uthman to caliphate, replaced the egalitarian society formed as a result of Muhammad's revolution to a society stratified between haves and have-nots as a result of [[nepotism]], and in the words of El-Hibri through "the use of religious charity revenues (''[[zakat|zakāt]]'') to subsidise family interests, which Uthman justified as '''al-sila''<nowiki />' (pious filial support)".<ref>{{cite book |last=El-Hibri |first=Tayeb |date=October 22, 2010 |title=Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History:The Rashidun Caliphs |url=https://www.amazon.com/Parable-Politics-Early-Islamic-History-ebook/dp/B0060LSOCE/ref=mt_kindle?_encoding=UTF8&me= |location=New York Chichester West Sussex |publisher=A Columbia University Press |page=526 (kindle) |isbn=978-0231521659}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maududi |first=Abul A'la |date=July 2000 |title=Khilafat o Malookiat |trans-title=Caliphate and Monarchistic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDfeCQzP1cYC&pg=PT1 |language=ur |location=Lahore, Pakistan |publisher=Adara Tarjuman-ul-Quran (Private) Ltd, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan |pages=105–153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hazleton |first=Lesley |date=4 September 2009 |title=After the Prophet:The Epic Story of Shia-Sunni Split in Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/afterprophetepic0000hazl/page/193 |location=New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Auckland |publisher=Anchor (Doubleday) |page=[https://archive.org/details/afterprophetepic0000hazl/page/193 193 (kindle)] |isbn=978-0385523936 }}</ref> Ali, during his rather brief regime after Uthman maintained austere life style and tried hard to bring back the egalitarian system and supremacy of law over the ruler idealised in Muhammad's message, but faced continued opposition, and wars one after another by [[Aisha]]-[[Talhah#Battle of the Camel and Death|Talhah]]-[[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubair]], by Muāwiya and finally by the [[Kharjites|Khārjites]]. After he was murdered, his followers immediately elected [[Hasan ibn Ali]] his elder son from Fātima to succeed him. Hasan shortly afterward signed a treaty with [[Muāwiya]] relinquishing power in favour of the latter, with a condition inter alia, that one of the two who will outlive the other will be the caliph, and that this caliph will not appoint a successor but will leave the matter of selection of the caliph to the public. Subsequently, Hasan was poisoned to death and Muawiya enjoyed unchallenged power. Dishonouring his treaty with Hasan, he nominated his son [[Yazid I|Yazid]] to succeed him. Upon Muāwiya's death, [[Yazid]] asked Husain, the younger brother of Hasan, Ali's son and Muhammad's grandson, to give his allegiance to Yazid, which he plainly refused. His caravan was cordoned by Yazid's army at Karbalā and he was killed with all his male companions – total 72 people, in a day long [[Battle of Karbala|battle]] after which Yazid established himself as a sovereign, though strong public uprising erupted after his death against his dynasty to avenge the massacre of Karbalā, but [[Banu Umayya]] were able to quickly suppress them all and ruled the Muslim world, till they were finally overthrown by [[Banu Abbas|Banu Abbās]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Irving |first=Washington |date=1859 |title=Lives of the Successors of Mahomet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWAOAAAAQAAJ |location=Sunnyside |publisher=W. Clowes |pages=163–218 |isbn=978-1273126963}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nadvi |first=Syed Abul Hasan Ali |title=Al-Murtaza |trans-title=The Murtaza |pages=218–382 |language=ur |location=Karachi Pakistan |publisher=Majlis-e-Nashriyat-e-Islam}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maududi |first=Abul A'la |date=July 2000 |title=Khilafat o Malookiat |trans-title=Caliphate and Monarchistic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDfeCQzP1cYC&pg=PT1 |language=ur |location=Lahore, Pakistan |publisher=Adara Tarjuman-ul-Quran (Private) Ltd, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Pakistan |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jafri |first=Syed Husain Mohammad |date=976 |title=The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam (Millennium (Series)) (The Millennium (Series).) |location=Karachi |publisher=Oxford University Press (First Published By Longman Group Ltd and Librairie du Liban 1979) |pages=108–109 |isbn=978-0195793871}}</ref>