Editing Sultan (section)

==Former sultans and sultanates==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}

===Sultanates in the Balkans, Anatolia and Central Asia===
* [[Ghaznavid Empire]]; its ruler, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], was the first [[Muslim]] sovereign to be known as sultan.
* [[Great Seljuk Empire]]
* [[Sultanate of Rum]]
* [[Ottoman Empire]]
* [[Timurid Empire]]
* [[Kazakh Khanate]]

===Caucasus===
*[[Elisu Sultanate]] and a few others. A sultan ranked below a khan.

===West Asia and North Africa===
*in [[Iran]]:
**Sultans of [[Baneh]] (In [[Safavid Kurdistan|Kurdistan]], members of the Ekhtiyar al-Din family governed Baneh as Sultans defending against the Ottoman frontier)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mardūḵ |first='A. |date=December 15, 1988 |title=Bāna|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bana-a-sahrestan-in-the-province-of-kurdistan-located-in-a-mountainous-well-forested-region-of-western-iran-at-35-59- |website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]}}</ref>
**[[Ghaznavid Empire]]
*in [[Syria]]:
**[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Sultans]]
[[File:Tumanbay II (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Tuman Bay II]], last of the Mamluk Sultans]]
**[[Mameluks|Mamluk Sultans]]
*in [[Jordan]]:
**[[Ayyubid dynasty]]
**[[Mamluk Sultanate]]
**[[Ottoman Empire]]
*in present-day [[Yemen]], various small sultanates of the defunct [[Aden Protectorate]] and [[Federation of South Arabia|South Arabia]]:
*:[[Audhali]], [[Fadhli Sultanate|Fadhli]], [[Haushabi]], [[Kathiri]], [[Sultanate of Lahej|Lahej]], [[Lower Aulaqi]], [[Lower Yafa]], [[Mahra Sultanate|Mahra]], [[Qu'aiti]], [[Subeihi]], [[Upper Aulaqi Sultanate|Upper Aulaqi]], [[Upper Yafa]] and the [[Wahidi]] sultanates
*in present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]:
**[[Nejd|Sultans of Nejd]]
**[[Hejaz|Sultans of the Hejaz]]
*[[Oman]] – [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan of Oman]] (authentically referred to as ''Hami''), on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula, still an independent sultanate, since 1744 (assumed the formal title of Sultan in 1861)
*in [[Algeria]]: [[Sultanate of Tuggurt (Touggourt)|Sultanate of Tuggurt]], [[Zayyanid dynasty|Sultans of Tlemcen]]
*in [[Egypt]]:
**[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Sultans]]
**[[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultans]]
**[[Sultanate of Egypt|Sultans of the Muhammad Ali dynasty]]
[[File:السلطان عبد الحفيظ.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]]]]
*in [[Morocco]], until [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]] changed the style to [[Malik]] (king) on August 14, 1957, maintaining the subsidiary style [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] (Commander of the Faithful)
*in [[Sudan]]:
**[[Sultanate of Darfur|Darfur]]
**Dar al-Masalit
**Dar Qimr
**[[Funj Sultanate]] of [[Sinnar]] (Sennar)
**[[Kordofan]]
*in [[Iraq]]:
**[[Abbasid Caliphate]] (autonomous provinces)
**[[Ottoman Empire]]

===Horn of Africa===
[[File:Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire 2.jpg|thumb|366x366px|Portrait of [[Mohamoud Ali Shire]], the 20th Sultan of the [[Somali people|Somali]] [[Warsangali Sultanate|Sultanate of Warsangali]]]]
{{main|Somali aristocratic and court titles|Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles}}
*[[Ajuran Sultanate]], in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia
*[[Adal Sultanate]], in western [[Somaliland]], southern [[Djibouti]], and the [[Somali Region|Somali]], [[Harari Region|Harari]] and [[Afar Region|Afar]] regions of [[Ethiopia]]
*[[Isaaq Sultanate]], in Somaliland and the [[Somali Region|Somali region]] of Ethiopia
*[[Habr Yunis Sultanate]], in Somaliland and [[Somali Region|Somali region]] of Ethiopia
*[[Majeerteen Sultanate]] (Migiurtinia), in northern Somalia
*[[Warsangali Sultanate]], in northern Somalia
*[[Sultanate of the Geledi]], in southern Somalia
*[[Sultanate of Aussa]], in northeastern Ethiopia
*[[Sultanate of Harar]], in eastern Ethiopia
*Jarso Sultanate 
*[[Sultanate of Hobyo]], in central Somalia
*[[Sultanate of Ifat]], in Somaliland, Djibouti and eastern Ethiopia
*[[Sultanate of Mogadishu]], in south-central Somalia
*[[Sultanate of Showa]], in central Ethiopia
*[[Bimaal#Bimaal Sultanate|Bimaal Sultanate]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-09-03|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Bimaal#Bimaal Sultanate|reason= }}, in south eastern Somalia centred in [[Merka]]

===Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean===
*[[Angoche Sultanate]], on the [[Mozambique|Mozambiquan]] coast (also several neighbouring sheikdoms)
*various [[sultans on the Comoros]]; however on the [[Comoros]], the normally used styles were alternative native titles, including [[Mfalme]], [[Phany]] or ''Jambé'' and the 'hegemonic' title [[Sultani tibe]]
*the Maore (or Mawuti) sultanate on [[Mayotte]] (separated from the Comoros)

====''Maliki''====
Apparently derived from the Arabic ''[[malik]]'', this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the [[Kilwa Sultanate]] in [[Tanzania Mainland|Tanganyika]] (presently the continental part of Tanzania).

====Swahili Coast====
[[File:Zanz-Ali II.jpg|thumb|The eighth [[List of sultans of Zanzibar|Sultan]] of [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]], [[Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar|Ali bin Hamud]]. Photograph taken between 1902 and 1911]]
* [[List of sultans of Zanzibar|Sultanate of Zanzibar]]: two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices;{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} since 1964 union with Tanganyika (part of [[Tanzania]])
''Mfalume'' is the {{Transliteration|sw|italic=no|(Ki)[[Swahili language|Swahili]]}} title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:
*in [[Kenya]]:
**[[Rulers of Pate|Pate]] on part of [[Pate island]] (capital also named Pate), in the [[Lamu Archipelago]]
**[[Wituland]], became a  German, then [[British protectorate]]
*in [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]] (presently part of [[Tanzania]]): of Hadimu, on the island of that name; also styled ''Jembe''

====''Sultani''====
This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe.

===West and Central Africa===
*In [[Cameroon]]:
**[[Kingdom of Bamum|Bamoun]] (Bamun, 17th century, founded uniting 17 chieftaincies) 1918 becomes a sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftaincies.
**[[Bibemi]], founded in 1770 – initially styled ''[[lamido]]''
**[[Mandara Kingdom|Mandara]] Sultanate, since 1715 (replacing [[Wandala]] kingdom); 1902 part of Cameroon
**[[Rey Bouba]] Sultanate founded 1804
*in the [[Central African Republic]]:
**[[Bangassou]] created {{Circa|1878}}; 14 June 1890 under [[Congo Free State]] [[protectorate]], 1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French.
**Dar al-Kuti – French protectorate since December 12, 1897
**[[Rafai]] {{circa|1875}} Sultanate, April 8, 1892, under Congo Free State protectorate, March 31, 1909, under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed
**[[Zemio]] {{circa|1872}} established; December 11, 1894, under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12, 1909, under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate suppressed
*in [[Chad]]:
**[[Baguirmi Kingdom|Baguirmi]] (main native title: [[List of rulers of Baguirmi|Mbang]])
**[[Ouaddai Kingdom|Wada'i]] (main native title: [[List of rulers of Wadai|Kolak]]), successor state to Birgu
**[[Dar Sila]] (actually a wandering group of tribes)
*in [[Niger]]: [[Arabic]] alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers:
** the [[Amenokal]] of the [[Aïr]] confederation of [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]
** the Sarkin Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the [[Sultanate of Damagaram]] ([[Zinder]])
*in [[Nigeria]] most monarchies previously had native titles, but when most in the north converted to Islam, Muslim titles were adopted, such as ''[[emir]]'' and sometimes ''sultan''.
** in [[Sayfawa dynasty|Borno]] (alongside the native title ''Mai'')
** since 1817 in [[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]], the suzerain (also styled [[Amir al-Mu´minin]] and Sarkin Musulmi) of all [[Fulbe jihad state]]s and premier traditional Muslim leader in the [[Sahel]] (according to some once a caliph)

===South Asia===
*[[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghan Kingdom]]: Sultan had a different meaning. It was a high title of honour, superior to Amir and Sardar, but ranking below Shah.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
*[[Bahmani Sultanate]]: Bahmani Shahs
*[[Bengal Sultanate|Sultanate of Bengal]]: [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi]], [[Ganesha dynasty|Ganesha]], Habshi, [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi]], Muhammad Shah and [[Karrani dynasty|Karranis]]
*[[Deccan sultanates|Sultanates of the Deccan]]:
**[[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi of Bijapur]]
**[[Bidar Sultanate|Barid Shahi of Bidar]]
**[[Berar sultanate|Imad Shahi of Berar]]
**[[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizam Shahi of Ahmednagar]]
**[[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi of Golconda]]
*[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate of Delhi]]: [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluks]], [[Khalji dynasty|Khiljis]], [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]], [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyids]] and [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]]
*[[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]]: [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarids]] 
*[[Jaunpur Sultanate|Sultanate of Jaunpur]]: Sharqi dynasty
*[[Farooqui dynasty|Sultanate of Kandesh]]: Faruqi dynasty
*[[Malwa Sultanate|Sultanate of Malwa]]: three dynasties
*[[Madurai Sultanate|Sultanate of Madurai]]
*Sultanate of Laccadive and Cannanore: [[Arakkal Kingdom]]
*[[History of Kashmir|Sultanate of Kashmir]]: [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shahmirids]] and [[Chak dynasty|Chaks]]
*[[Sultanate of Maldives]]
*[[Nawayath Sultanate|Sultanate of Hunnur]]

===Southeast and East Asia===
[[File:Hamengkubuwono x.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Hamengkubuwono X]], the incumbent Sultan of Yogyakarta]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Pakoe Boewono XII de Susuhunan van Solo in de kraton TMnr 60052129.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Pakubuwono XII]], last undisputed Susuhunan of Surakarta]]
[[File:Saifuddin of Tidore.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Sultan Saifuddin of [[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore]]]]
[[File:Sulu Sultan Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram]], last recognised Sultan of Sulu]]

In [[Indonesia]] (formerly in the [[Dutch East Indies]]):

*On [[Kalimantan]]
**[[Sultanate of Banjar]] 
**Sultanate of Berau
**[[Sultanate of Bulungan]] 
**Sultanate of Gunung Tabur 
**Sultanate of Kubu
**[[Kutai|Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate]] 
**[[Mempawah Kingdom|Sultanate of Mempawah]]
**Sultanate of Paser
**[[Sultanate of Pontianak]]
**Sultanate of Sambaliung
**[[Sultanate of Sambas]]
*On [[Sulawesi]]
**[[Sultanate of Buton]]
**[[Bone state|Sultanate of Bone]]
**[[Sultanate of Gowa]]
**[[Luwu|Sultanate of Luwu]]
**{{ill|Sultanate of Soppeng|id|Kesultanan Soppeng}}
**[[Wajoq|Sultanate of Wajoq]]
*On [[Java]]
**[[Sultanate of Banten]]
**[[Sultanate of Cirebon]] – the rulers in three of the four palaces (''kraton''), from which divided [[Cirebon]] was ruled: [[Kraton Kasepuhan]], [[Kraton Kanoman]] and Kraton Kacirebonan (only in Kraton Kaprabonan was the ruler's title Panembahan)
**[[Sultanate of Demak]]
**[[Pajang|Sultanate of Pajang]]
**[[Sumedang Larang Kingdom|Sumedang Larang Sultanate]]
**[[Sultanate of Mataram]] (was divided into two kingdoms: the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Sunanan Surakarta)
*** [[Sultanate of Yogyakarta]]
*** [[Surakarta Sunanate|Sunanate of Surakarta]] (''[[susuhunan]]'', a high-ranked monarch, equivalent to emperor)
*In the [[Maluku Islands]]
**[[Kingdom of Iha|Sultanate of Iha]] (Saparua)
**Sultanate of Honimoa/ Siri Sori (Saparua)
**{{ill|Sultanate of Huamual|id|Kerajaan Huamual}} (West Seram)
**{{ill|Sultanate of Negeri Soya|id|Negeri Soya}} (Ambon)
**{{ill|Sultanate of Tanah Hitu|id|Kerajaan Tanah Hitu}} (Ambon)
**[[Sultanate of Ternate]]
**[[Sultanate of Tidore]]
**[[Sultanate of Bacan]]
**[[Sultanate of Jailolo]]
**{{ill|Sultanate of Loloda|id|Kerajaan Loloda}} (North Halmahera)
*In the [[Nusa Tenggara]]
**[[Bima Sultanate]] on Sumbawa island
*In the [[Riau Archipelago]]: [[Riau-Lingga Sultanate|Sultanate of Riau-Lingga]] by secession in 1818 under the expelled sultan of [[Johore]] (on Malaya) Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud
*In [[Sumatra]]
**[[Aceh Sultanate]] (full style ''Sultan Berdaulat Zillullah fil-Alam'')
**[[Sultanate of Asahan]]
** Awak Sungai, established 17th century at the split in four of [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], in 1816 extinguished by Netherlands East Indies colonial government
**[[Sultanate of Deli]] 
**Sultanate of Indragiri
**[[Sultanate of Langkat]] (previous style Raja)
**[[Palembang Sultanate]] (Darussalam), also holding the higher title of [[Susuhunan]]
**[[Pagaruyung Kingdom|Sultanate of Pagaruyung]]
**[[Peureulak|Sultanate of Perleuak]]
**[[Riau-Lingga Sultanate]]
**[[Samudera Pasai Sultanate]]
**[[Sultanate of Serdang]]
**[[Sultanate of Siak]]

In [[Malaysia]]:
* In [[Peninsular Malaysia]], where all seven of the country's present sultanates are located:
** [[Sultanate of Perlis]]
** [[Sultanate of Johor]]
** [[Sultanate of Kedah]]
** [[Sultan of Kelantan|Sultanate of Kelantan]]
** [[Sultan of Pahang|Sultanate of Pahang]]
** [[Sultan of Perak|Sultanate of Perak]]
** [[Sultan of Selangor|Sultanate of Selangor]]
** [[Sultan of Terengganu|Sultanate of Terengganu]]
* Furthermore, the ruler of [[Luak Jelebu]], one of the constitutive states of the [[Negeri Sembilan]] confederation, had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title ''Undang Luak Jelebu''.
*[[Sultanate of Malacca]] 
*[[Sultanate of Sarawak]]

In [[Brunei]]:
* [[Sultan of Brunei]], Brunei (on Borneo island)

In [[China]]:
* [[Dali, Yunnan]], capital of the short-lived [[Panthay Rebellion]]
** Furthermore, the ''Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin'' (Leader of the Community of Muslims) of [[Pingnan Guo]] ("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan.
* {{ill|Ili Sultanate|lt=|zh|伊犁苏丹国}}

In the [[Philippines]]:
* [[Sultanate of Buayan]]
* [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]]
* [[Sultanate of Sulu]] (Sulu, Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi islands and part of eastern Sabah on North Borneo)

In [[Thailand]]:
* [[Pattani Kingdom|Sultanate of Patani]]
* [[Sultanate of Singgora]]