Editing Stuttering (section)

=== Associated conditions ===
Stuttering can co-occur with other disabilities. These associated disabilities include:
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*[[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD);<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sroubek |first1=Ariane |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary |last3=Li |first3=Xiaobo |title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Neuroscience Bulletin |date=February 2013 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=103–110 |doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6 |pmid=23299717 |pmc=4440572 }}</ref> the prevalence of ADHD in school-aged children who stutter is {{clarify span|text=around 4–50%|explain=4% to 50%, or 40% to 50%?|date=August 2022}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Druker |first1=Kerianne |last2=Hennessey |first2=Neville |last3=Mazzucchelli |first3=Trevor |last4=Beilby |first4=Janet |title=Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter |journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders |date=March 2019 |volume=59 |pages=80–90 |doi=10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.002 |pmid=30477807 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donaher |first1=Joseph |last2=Richels |first2=Corrin |title=Traits of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children who stutter |journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders |date=December 2012 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=242–252 |doi=10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.08.002 |pmid=23218208 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arndt |first1=Jennifer |last2=Healey |first2=E. Charles |title=Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter |journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools |date=April 2001 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=68–78 |doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006) |pmid=27764357 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Jeanna |last2=Riley |first2=Johnetta G. |title=A Revised Component Model for diagnosing and Treating Children Who Stutter |journal=Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders |date=October 2000 |volume=27 |issue=Fall |pages=188–199 |doi=10.1044/cicsd_27_F_188 }}</ref>
*[[dyslexia]];<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Robin L |last2=Pennington |first2=Bruce F |title=Developmental dyslexia |journal=The Lancet |date=May 2012 |volume=379 |issue=9830 |pages=1997–2007 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6 |pmc=3465717 |pmid=22513218 }}</ref> the prevalence rate of childhood stuttering in dyslexia is around 30–40%, while in adults the prevalence of dyslexia in adults who stutter is around 30–50%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blood |first1=Gordon W |last2=Ridenour |first2=Victor J |last3=Qualls |first3=Constance Dean |last4=Hammer |first4=Carol Scheffner |title=Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter |journal=Journal of Communication Disorders |date=November 2003 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=427–448 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00023-6 |pmid=12967738 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arndt |first1=Jennifer |last2=Healey |first2=E. Charles |title=Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter |journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools |date=April 2001 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=68–78 |doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006) |pmid=27764357 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elsherif |first1=Mahmoud M. |last2=Wheeldon |first2=Linda R. |last3=Frisson |first3=Steven |title=Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit? |journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders |date=March 2021 |volume=67 |pages=105827 |doi=10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105827 |pmid=33444937 |url=https://osf.io/grb54 }}</ref>
*[[autism]]<ref name="briley">{{cite journal |last1=Briley |first1=Patrick M. |last2=Ellis |first2=Charles |title=The Coexistence of Disabling Conditions in Children Who Stutter: Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |date=10 December 2018 |volume=61 |issue=12 |pages=2895–2905 |doi=10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378 |pmid=30458520 }}</ref> 
* intellectual disability<ref name="Healey">{{cite book |last1=Healey |first1=E Charles |last2=Reid |first2=Robert |last3=Donaher |first3=Joe |chapter=Treatment of the child who stutters with co-existing learning, behavioral, and cognitive challenges |pages=178–196 |chapter-url={{GBurl|drCkEAAAQBAJ|p=178}} |editor1-last=Lees |editor1-first=Roberta |editor2-last=Stark |editor2-first=Cameron |title=The Treatment of Stuttering in the Young School Aged Child |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-86156-486-3 |oclc=1072950273 }}</ref>
* language or learning disability<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ntourou |first1=Katerina |last2=Conture |first2=Edward G. |last3=Lipsey |first3=Mark W. |title=Language Abilities of Children Who Stutter: A Meta-Analytical Review |journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology |date=August 2011 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2011/09-0102) |pmid=21478281 |pmc=3738062 }}</ref>
* seizure disorders<ref name="briley" />
* [[social anxiety disorder]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iverach |first1=Lisa |last2=Rapee |first2=Ronald M. |date=June 2014 |title=Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions |journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders |language=en |volume=40 |pages=69–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003|pmid=24929468 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 
* [[speech sound disorder]]s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=St. Louis |first1=Kenneth O. |last2=Hinzman |first2=Audrey R. |title=A descriptive study of speech, language, and hearing characteristics of school-aged stutterers |journal=Journal of Fluency Disorders |date=October 1988 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=331–355 |doi=10.1016/0094-730X(88)90003-4 }}</ref>
* other developmental disorders<ref name="briley" />
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