Editing Stramenopile (section)

== Evolution ==

=== External ===

Stramenopiles are most closely related to alveolates and Rhizaria, all of which have tubular mitochondrial [[Crista|cristae]] and collectively form the [[Sar supergroup|SAR]] supergroup, whose name is formed from their initials.<ref>Krylov, M. V.; Dobrovolskii, A. A.; Issi, I. V.; Michaelevich, B. I.; Podlipaev, S. A.; Reshetnyak, V. V.; Seravin, L. N.; et al. 1980. New concepts for the system of unicellular organisms. Trudy Zoologischkei Institut Akademiya Nayuk, SSSR 94:122–132.</ref><ref name="Derelle López-García Timpano Moreira 2016"/><ref name=Burki2008a>{{cite journal  |author1=Burki, F. |author2=Shalchian-Tabrizi |author3=Pawlowski, J. |title=Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes |journal=Biology Letters |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=366–369 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18522922 |pmc=2610160 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224 }}</ref> The ancestor of the SAR supergroup appears to have captured a unicellular photosynthetic [[Red algae|red alga]], and many stramenopiles, as well as members of other SAR groups such as the Rhizaria, still have plastids which retain the double membrane of the red alga and a double membrane surrounding it, for a total of four membranes.<ref name="Oborník Lukeš 2013 pp. 333–369">{{cite book |last1=Oborník |first1=Miroslav |last2=Lukeš |first2=Julius |title=International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology |chapter=Cell Biology of Chromerids |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2013 |volume=306 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00008-0 |pages=333–369|pmid=24016529 |isbn=9780124076945 }}</ref> In addition, species of [[Telonemia]], the sister group to SAR, exhibit heterokont flagella with tripartite mastigonemes, implying a more ancient origin of stramenopile characteristics.<ref name="Arpakorses">{{cite journal | last1=Tikhonenkov | first1=Denis V. | last2=Jamy | first2=Mahwash | last3=Borodina | first3=Anastasia S. | last4=Belyaev | first4=Artem O. | last5=Zagumyonnyi | first5=Dmitry G. | last6=Prokina | first6=Kristina I. | last7=Mylnikov | first7=Alexander P. | last8=Burki | first8=Fabien | last9=Karpov | first9=Sergey A. | title=On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia | journal=Open Biology | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=12 | issue=3 | year=2022 | issn=2046-2441 | doi=10.1098/rsob.210325| pmid=35291881 | pmc=8924772 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{clade|style=font-size:90%|label1=[[TSAR]]|1={{clade
|1=[[Telonemia]] [[File:Telonema_rivulare_(electron_micrography).jpg|60px]]|2={{clade
|label1=[[SAR supergroup|SAR]]|1={{clade
   |1=[[Rhizaria]] [[File:Ammonia tepida.jpg|60px]]
   |label2=[[Halvaria]]
   |2={{clade
      |1='''Stramenopiles''' [[File:Cafeteria roenbergensis atcc50561 Protsville (cropped).jpg|50px]]
      |2=[[Alveolata]] [[File:Ceratium furca.jpg|70px]]
      }}
   }}
}}
}}
}}

=== Internal ===

The following [[cladogram]] summarizes the evolutionary relationships between stramenopiles. The [[phylogenetic]] relationships of [[Bigyra]] vary greatly from one analysis to the next: it has been recovered as either [[monophyletic]]<ref name="Incisomonas">{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith |first1=Thomas |last2=Scoble |first2=Josephine Margaret |title=Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes |journal=European Journal of Protistology |date=2013 |volume=49 |issue= 3|pages=328–353 |doi= 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002|pmid=23219323}}</ref><ref name="THAKUR_2019"/> or [[paraphyletic]]. When paraphyletic, the branching order of the bigyran groups also varies: in some studies, [[Sagenista]] is the most basal-branching clade,<ref name="Incisomonas"/><ref name="firstMAST6"/><ref name="Kaonashia">{{cite Q|Q123562228}}</ref> while in others [[Opalozoa]] is the most basal.<ref name="CHO_2023">{{cite Q|Q124719861}}</ref> Nonetheless, [[Platysulcea]] is consistently recovered as the [[sister clade]] to all other stramenopiles.<ref name="THAKUR_2019"/><ref name="firstMAST6"/> In addition, a flagellate species discovered in 2023, ''[[Kaonashia insperata]]'', remains in an uncertain phylogenetic position, but more closely related to [[Gyrista]] than to other clades.<ref name="Kaonashia"/>

{{clade|label1='''Stramenopiles'''|style=font-size:90%;|1={{clade
|1=''[[Platysulcus]]''
|2={{clade|state=dashed
 |1={{clade|label1=[[Sagenista]]|1={{clade
  |2=[[Eogyrea]]|bar2=black
  |1=[[Labyrinthulomycetes]] [[File:Aplanonet3.jpg|50px]]|barbegin1=black
  }}}}
 |2={{clade|state=dashed
  |1={{clade|label1=[[Opalozoa]]|1={{clade
   |2=[[Bicosoecida]] [[File:Cafeteria_roenbergensis_atcc50561_Protsville_(cropped).jpg|40px]]
   |bar1=black|barend2=black|1={{clade|label1=[[Placidozoa]]|1={{clade|1=[[Placididea]]|2={{clade|1=[[Nanomonadea]]|2=[[Opalinata]] [[File:Opalina_ranarum_Protsville.jpg|30px]]}}}}}}
   }}}}
  |2={{clade
   |1={{clade|label1=[[Gyrista]]|1={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |label1=[[Bigyromonada]]|1={{clade
      |1=[[Developea]]
      |2=[[Pirsonea]]
      }}
     |label2=[[Pseudofungi]]|2={{clade
      |1=[[Hyphochytriomycetes]]
      |2=[[Oomycetes]] [[File:Zoospore release.jpg|50px]]
      }}
     }}
    |2=[[Ochrophyta]] (=Heterokontophyta) [[File:Diatoms through the microscope.jpg|70px]]
    }}}}
   |2=''[[Kaonashia]]''
   }}
  }}
 }}
}}
|grouplabel1={{clade labels|label1=[[Bigyra]]|top1=28%}}
}}