Editing Stone Age (section)

===Three-stage system===
In the 1920s, South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three-Age System. In the words of [[J. Desmond Clark]]:<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|1970|p=22}}</ref>

<blockquote>It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley.</blockquote>

Consequently, they proposed a new system for Africa, the Three-stage System. Clark regarded the Three-age System as valid for North Africa; in sub-Saharan Africa, the Three-stage System was best.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|1970|pp=18–19}}</ref> In practice, the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind, or to explain which one they mean, contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature. There are in effect two Stone Ages, one part of the Three-age and the other constituting the Three-stage. They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies, but vary by locality and time.

The three-stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin, a professional archaeologist, and [[Clarence van Riet Lowe]], a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist, in an article titled "Stone Age Cultures of South Africa" in the journal ''Annals of the South African Museum''. By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or [[Paleolithic]], and Late Stone Age, or [[Neolithic]] (''neo'' = new), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute. He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates, to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age. The Middle Stone Age would not change its name, but it would not mean [[Mesolithic]].<ref>{{harvnb|Deacon|Deacon|1999|pp=5–6}}</ref>

The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, iron-working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north (see ''[[iron metallurgy in Africa]]''). The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies, and although there was [[copper metallurgy in Africa]] as well as bronze smelting, archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age. Moreover, the technologies included in those 'stages', as Goodwin called them, were not exactly the same. Since then, the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, so that they are no longer relative. Moreover, there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive: resulting in two sets of Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies.

By voluntary agreement,{{citation needed|reason=what does this even mean? Which archeologists? What did they agree to? Why? This is very dubious sounding without a good source|date=December 2018}} archaeologists respect the decisions of the [[Pan-African Congress on Prehistory]], which meets every four years to resolve the archaeological business brought before it. Delegates are actually international; the organization takes its name from the topic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arnott|first=D. W.|date=June 1959|title=J. Desmond Clark and Sonia Cole (ed.): Third Pan-African Congress on Prehistory, Livingstone, 1955. xxxix, 440 pp., 7 col. plates. London: Chatto & Windus, 1957. 75s.|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=400|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00069135|s2cid=162906190|issn=1474-0699}}</ref> [[Louis Leakey]] hosted the first one in [[Nairobi]] in 1947. It adopted Goodwin and Lowe's 3-stage system at that time, the stages to be called Early, Middle and Later.