Editing Stock exchange (section)

====Alternatives to stock exchanges for raising capital====
Alternative investment funds refer to funds that include '''hedge funds, venture capital, private equity, angel funds, real estate, commodities, collectibles, structured products''', etc. Alternative investment funds are an alternative to traditional investment options (stocks, bonds, and cash).

===== Research and Development limited partnerships =====
Companies have also raised significant amounts of capital through [[R&D]] [[limited partnership]]s. Tax law changes that were enacted in 1987 in the United States changed the tax deductibility of investments in R&D limited partnerships.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fullerton |first1=Don |last2=Gillette |first2=Robert |last3=Mackie |first3=James |title=Investment incentives under the tax reform act of 1986 |url=https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/131/Report-Compendium-1987-Part5.pdf}}</ref> In order for a partnership to be of interest to investors today, the [[cash on cash return]] must be high enough to entice investors.

=====Venture capital=====
A general source of capital for startup companies has been [[venture capital]]. This source remains largely available today, but the maximum statistical amount that the venture company firms in aggregate will invest in any one company is not limitless (it was approximately $15 million in 2001 for a biotechnology company).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Da Rin |first1=Marco |last2=Hellmann |first2=Thomas F. |last3=Puri |first3=Manju |date=October 2011 |title=A survey of venture capital research |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17523/w17523.pdf |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref>

=====Corporate partners=====
Another alternative source of cash for a private company is a corporate partner, usually an established multinational company, which provides capital for the smaller company in return for marketing rights, patent rights, or equity. Corporate partnerships have been used successfully in a large number of cases.