Editing Steven Spielberg (section)

=== 1993–1998: Oscar winner===
[[File:Steven Spielberg - GianAngelo Pistoia 1.jpg|thumb|left|Spielberg receiving the [[Golden Lion]] by Italian filmmaker [[Gillo Pontecorvo]] at the [[50th Venice International Film Festival]], 1993]]
In 1993, Spielberg returned to the adventure genre with ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', based on [[Michael Crichton]]'s [[Jurassic Park (novel)|bestseller]], with a screenplay by Crichton and [[David Koepp]]. ''Jurassic Park'' is set on a fictional island near [[Costa Rica]], where a businessman ([[Richard Attenborough]]) has hired a team of geneticists to create a [[Animal theme park|wildlife park]] of [[De-extinction|de-extinct]] dinosaurs. In a departure from his usual order of planning, Spielberg and the designers [[storyboard]]ed certain sequences from the novel early on.{{Sfn|McBride|1997|p=419}} The film also used [[computer-generated imagery]] provided by [[Industrial Light & Magic]]; ''Jurassic Park'' was completed on time and became the highest-grossing film at the time, and won three Academy Awards.{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=54}} The film's dominance during its theatrical run, as well as Spielberg's $250 million salary, made him self-conscious of his own success.{{Sfn|McBride|1997|p=424}}

Also in 1993, Spielberg directed ''[[Schindler's List]]'', about [[Oskar Schindler]], a businessman who helped save 1,100 Jews from the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref>The screenplay, adapted from [[Thomas Keneally]]'s novel, was originally in the hands of fellow director [[Martin Scorsese]], but Spielberg negotiated with Scorsese to trade scripts. (At the time, Spielberg held the script for a remake of ''[[Cape Fear (1962 film)|Cape Fear]]''.)</ref> Based on ''[[Schindler's Ark]]'', Spielberg waited ten years to make the film as he did not feel "mature" enough.{{Sfn|Pogrebin|2005|p=32}} He wanted to embrace his heritage,{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=55}}{{Sfn|McBride|1997|p=18}} and after the birth of his son, Max, he said that "it greatly affected me [...] A spirit began to ignite in me, and I became a Jewish dad".{{Sfn|McBride|1997|p=21}} Filming commenced on March 1, 1993, in Poland, while Spielberg was still editing ''Jurassic Park'' in the evenings.{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=56}} To make filming "bearable", Spielberg brought his wife and children with him.{{Sfn|McBride|1997|p=415}} Against expectations, the film was a commercial success, and Spielberg used his percentage of profits to start the [[USC Shoah Foundation|Shoah Foundation]], a non-profit organization that archives [[Testimony|testimonies]] of Holocaust survivors.{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=59}} ''Schindler's List'' won seven Academy Awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and Spielberg's first as [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=58}} It also won seven [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTAs]], and three [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film in 1994 |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1994/film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413005349/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1994/film |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |website= |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Winners & Nominees 1994 |language=en |newspaper= |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]] |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1994 |url-status=live |access-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229195913/http://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1994 |archive-date=February 29, 2016}}</ref>  ''Schindler's List'' is one of the [[American Film Institute|AFI]]'s [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies|100 best American films ever made]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI's 100 YEARS...100 MOVIES |url=https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-movies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422032506/https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-movies/ |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2020 |website=[[American Film Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Tom Hanks face.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Spielberg has collaborated on numerous projects with actor [[Tom Hanks]] since ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'']]
Ebert wrote, "[[Flaubert]] once wrote that he disliked ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' because the author was constantly preaching against slavery. 'Does one have to make observations about slavery?' he asked. 'Depict it; that's enough.' And then he added, 'An author in his book must be like God in the universe, present everywhere and visible nowhere.' That would describe Spielberg, the author of this film. He depicts the evil of the Holocaust, and he tells an incredible story of how it was robbed of some of its intended victims. He does so without the tricks of his trade, the directorial and dramatic contrivances that would inspire the usual melodramatic payoffs. Spielberg is not visible in this film. But his restraint and passion are present in every shot."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=December 15, 1993| title=Schindler's List| work=Chicago Sun Times| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/schindlers-list-1993}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Claude Lanzmann]], criticized the film for its weak representation of the Holocaust.{{Sfn|McBride|1997|p=434}} [[Imre Kertész]], a Hungarian author and [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] survivor, also disliked the film, saying, "I regard as [[kitsch]] any representation of the Holocaust that is incapable of understanding or unwilling to understand the organic connection between our own deformed mode of life and the very possibility of the Holocaust."<ref>{{Cite news |last=McAuley |first=James |date=March 31, 2016 |title=Imre Kertész, Nobel-winning novelist and Holocaust survivor, dies at 86|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/03/31/imre-kertesz-nobel-prize-winning-novelist-and-holocaust-survivor-dies-at-86/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101184133/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/03/31/imre-kertesz-nobel-prize-winning-novelist-and-holocaust-survivor-dies-at-86/ |archive-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> Thomson calls it "the most moving film I have ever seen."<ref name="Thomson"/>

In 1994, Spielberg took a break from directing to spend more time with his family, and set up his new film studio, [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]], with [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] and [[David Geffen]].{{Sfn|McBride|1997|p=442}}{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=59}} After his hiatus, he returned to directing with a sequel to ''Jurassic Park'', ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' (1997). A loose adaptation of Michael Crichton's novel ''[[The Lost World (Crichton novel)|The Lost World]]'', the plot follows mathematician Ian Malcolm ([[Jeff Goldblum]]) and his researchers who study dinosaurs at Jurassic Park which is on an island and are confronted by another team with a different agenda. Spielberg wanted the onscreen creatures to be more realistic than in the first film; he used 3D storyboards, computer imagery and robotic puppets.{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=66}} Budgeted at $73 million,{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=67}} ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'' opened in May 1997 and was one of the highest grossing [[1997 in film|films of the year]].{{Sfn|Freer|2001|p=247}} The ''[[J. Hoberman]]'' critic opined that ''The Lost World'' was "better crafted but less fun" than the first film, while ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote "It looks like a director on autopilot [...] The special effects brook no argument."{{Sfn|Freer|2001|p=247}}

[[File:Steven Spielberg 1999.jpg|thumb|left|Spielberg speaking at the Pentagon on August 11, 1999, after receiving the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service]]
''[[Amistad (film)|Amistad]]'' (1997), his first film released under DreamWorks, was based on the true story of the events in 1839 aboard the slave ship ''[[La Amistad]]''. Producer [[Debbie Allen]], who had read the book ''Amistad I'' in 1978, thought Spielberg would be perfect to direct.{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=68}} Spielberg was hesitant taking on the project, afraid that it would be compared to ''Schindler's List'', but he said, "I've never planned my career [...] In the end I do what I think I gotta do."{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=68}} Starring [[Morgan Freeman]], [[Anthony Hopkins]], [[Djimon Hounsou]] and [[Matthew McConaughey]], Spielberg used Allen's ten years worth of research to reenact the difficult historical scenes.{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=67}}{{Sfn|Freer|2001|p=252}} The film struggled to find an audience, and underperformed at the box office;{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=69}} Spielberg admitted that ''Amistad'' "became too much of a history lesson".{{Sfn|Freer|2001|p=258}}

Spielberg's 1998 release was [[World War II]] epic ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', about a group of US soldiers led by Captain Miller ([[Tom Hanks]]) sent to bring home a [[paratrooper]] whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours of the [[Normandy landings|Normandy]] landing. Filming took place in England, and [[United States Marine Corps|US Marine]] [[Dale Dye]] was hired to train the actors and keep them in character during the combat scenes. Halfway through filming, Spielberg reminded the cast that they were making a tribute to thank "your grandparents and my dad, who fought in [the war]".{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=72}} Upon release, critics praised the direction and its realistic portrayal of war.{{Sfn|Freer|2001|p=274}} The film grossed a successful $481&nbsp;million worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saving Private Ryan |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0120815/?ref_=bo_se_r_1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101184121/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0120815/?ref_=bo_se_r_1 |archive-date=January 1, 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2020 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> and Spielberg won a second Academy Award for Best Director.{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=73}} In August 1999, Spielberg and Hanks were awarded the [[Army Distinguished Public Service Medal|Distinguished Public Service Medal]] from [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[William Cohen|William S. Cohen]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2007|p=72}}{{Sfn|Horn|2002|p=39}} Thomson writes "''Ryan'' changed war films: combat, shock, wounds, and fear had never been so graphically presented; and yet there was also a true sense of what duties and ideas had felt like in 1944. I disliked the framing device. I would have admired a director who trusted us to get there without that. Never mind—''Ryan'' is a magnificent film."<ref name="Thomson"/> Ebert wrote "Spielberg knows how to make audiences weep better than any director since [[Charlie Chaplin|Chaplin]] in ''[[City Lights]].'' But weeping is an incomplete response, letting the audience off the hook. This film embodies ideas. After the immediate experience begins to fade, the implications remain and grow."<ref>{{cite news| last=Ebert| first=Roger| date=July 24, 1998| title=Saving Private Ryan| work=[[The Chicago Sun-Times]]| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/saving-private-ryan-1998| access-date=November 23, 2023| archive-date=December 18, 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218225912/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/saving-private-ryan-1998| url-status=live}}</ref>