Editing Stephen Wolfram (section)

=== Complex systems and cellular automata ===
In 1983, Wolfram left for the School of Natural Sciences of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in Princeton. By that time, he was no longer interested in particle physics. Instead, he began pursuing investigations into [[cellular automaton|cellular automata]],{{cn|date=January 2023}} mainly with computer simulations. He produced a series of papers investigating the class of [[elementary cellular automaton|elementary cellular automata]], conceiving the [[Wolfram code]], a naming system for one-dimensional cellular automata, and a [[cellular automaton#Classification|classification scheme]] for the complexity of their behaviour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Regis |first1=Edward |title=Who got Einstein's office? Eccentricity and Genius at the Institute for Advanced Study |date=1987 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=Reading, Mass |isbn=0201120658 |page=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/whogoteinsteinso0000regi}}</ref> He conjectured that the [[Rule 110]] cellular automaton might be [[Turing complete]], which a research assistant to Wolfram, [[Matthew Cook]], later proved correct.<ref name="proof">{{Cite journal|url = http://www.complex-systems.com/abstracts/v15_i01_a01.html|title = Universality in Elementary Cellular Automata|last = Cook|first = Matthew|date = 2004|journal = Complex Systems|access-date = 24 June 2015|volume = 15|issue = 1| pages=1–40 | doi=10.25088/ComplexSystems.15.1.1 |issn = 0891-2513}}</ref> Wolfram sued Cook and temporarily blocked publication of the work on Rule 110 for allegedly violating a [[non-disclosure agreement]] until Wolfram could publish the work in his controversial book ''[[A New Kind of Science]]''.<ref name="bio">{{Cite journal |last1=Giles |first1=J. |year=2002 |title=Stephen Wolfram: What kind of science is this? |journal=Nature |volume=417 |issue=6886 |pages=216–218 |bibcode=2002Natur.417..216G |doi=10.1038/417216a |pmid=12015565 |s2cid=10636328}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez |first1=Genaro J. |last2=Seck-Tuoh-Mora |first2=Juan C. |last3=Chapa-Vergara |first3=Sergio V. |last4=Lemaitre |first4=Christian |date=2020-03-03 |title=Brief notes and history of computing in Mexico during 50 years |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445760.2019.1608990 |journal=International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=185–192 |doi=10.1080/17445760.2019.1608990 |issn=1744-5760|arxiv=1905.07527 }}</ref> Wolfram's cellular-automata work came to be cited in more than 10,000 papers.<ref name="Levy">{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Steven |date=1 June 2002 |title=The Man Who Cracked The Code to Everything... |url=https://www.wired.com/2002/06/wolfram/ |access-date=22 November 2018 |website=Wired.com}}</ref>

In the mid-1980s, Wolfram worked on simulations of physical processes (such as [[turbulence|turbulent fluid flow]]) with cellular automata on the [[Connection Machine]] alongside [[Richard Feynman]]<ref name="DH">{{cite web|url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0504.html?printable=1|title=Richard Feynman and The Connection Machine|author=W. Daniel Hillis|publisher=Physics Today|date=February 1989|access-date=3 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728072503/http://www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0504.html?printable=1|archive-date=28 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and helped initiate the field of [[complex systems]].{{cn|date=January 2023}} In 1984, he was a participant in the Founding Workshops of the [[Santa Fe Institute]], along with Nobel laureates [[Murray Gell-Mann]], [[Manfred Eigen]], and [[Philip Warren Anderson]], and future laureate [[Frank Wilczek]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1216/c98def031faa344d66dead45117d0b188491.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811230248/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1216/c98def031faa344d66dead45117d0b188491.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-08-11|title=Emerging Syntheses in Science: Proceedings of the Founding Workshops of the Santa Fe Institute|last=Pines|first=David|editor1-first=David|editor1-last=Pines|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2018|isbn=9780429492594|location=Menlo Park, California|pages=183–190|doi=10.1201/9780429492594|s2cid=142670544}}</ref> In 1986, he founded the Center for Complex Systems Research (CCSR) at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref name="wired.com">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.06/wolfram_pr.html|title=The Man Who Cracked The Code to Everything|access-date=7 April 2012 | magazine=Wired}}</ref> In 1987, he founded the journal ''[[Complex Systems (journal)|Complex Systems]]''.<ref name="wired.com"/>