Editing Squatting (section)

=== Central and Eastern Europe ===
[[File:Rozbrat rowerownia.jpg|thumb|right|Rozbrat squat in [[Poznań]].]]
The trajectory of squatting in central and eastern Europe is different from that of western Europe because, until recently, countries were part of the [[Communist Bloc]] and squatting is generally not tolerated.<ref name=Piotro /> 

* The first public [[Squatting in Romania|squat in Romania]] was Carol 53 in [[Bucharest]], occupied in 2012 by artists. This was a controversial project because in running the project, the artists evicted a [[Romani people in Romania|Roma family]] which was already silently squatting there.<ref name="PGEI">{{cite book |editor-last1=Anders |editor-first1=Freia |editor-last2=Sedlmaier |editor-first2=Alexander |last1=Florea |first1=Ioana |last2=Dumitriu |first2=Mihail|chapter= Living on the Edge: The Ambiguities of Squatting and Urban Development in Bucharest|title=Public Goods versus Economic Interests: Global Perspectives on the History of Squatting |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-32966-9}}</ref> 
* In [[Moldova]], homeless people live in state-run shelters or squatter camps.<ref name="Negură">{{cite journal |last1=Negură |first1=Petru |title=The State Policy towards the Homeless in Moldova between the 'Left Hand' and the 'Right Hand'. The Case of Chișinău Shelter |journal=Südosteuropa |date=26 June 2019 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=175–195 |doi=10.1515/soeu-2019-0013|s2cid=195789336 }}</ref> Squatters in [[Centro 73]], Moldova's first squatted, self-managed social centre, attempted to prevent the historical building's demolition, but were quickly evicted and given another building for art events.<ref name="OBCT">{{cite web |last1=Caucaso |first1=Osservatorio Balcani e |title=Moldavia: Chișinău underground |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Moldavia/Moldavia-Chi-inau-underground-170763 |website=OBC Transeuropa |access-date=7 November 2020 |language=it |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616174747/http://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Moldavia/Moldavia-Chi-inau-underground-170763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Publika">{{cite news |title=Un grup de tineri a protestat azi împotriva demolării unei clădiri istorice din Capitală |url=https://www.publika.md/un-grup-de-tineri-a-protestat-azi-impotriva-demolarii-unei-cladiri-istorice-din-capitala_130711.html |access-date=4 October 2020 |work=Publika |date=1 November 2010 |language=ro |archive-date=2 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602083920/http://www.publika.md/un-grup-de-tineri-a-protestat-azi-impotriva-demolarii-unei-cladiri-istorice-din-capitala_130711.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* The oldest squat in Poland, [[Rozbrat]], was founded in 1994 through the occupation of a former paint factory in [[Poznań]]. There are also squats in [[Białystok]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Gliwice]], [[Warsaw]] and [[Wrocław]].<ref name="Piotro">{{cite book |last1=Piotrowski |first1=Grzegorz |year= 2014|chapter=Squatting in the East: The Rozbrat squat in Poland, 1994–2012 |editor1-last=Katzeff |editor1-first=Ask |editor2-last= van Hoogenhuijze|editor2-first= Leendert |editor3-last=van der Steen |editor3-first=Bart |title= The City Is Ours: Squatting and Autonomous Movements in Europe from the 1970s to the Present |language= en |publisher= PM Press |isbn= 978-1-60486-683-4}}</ref> 
* In [[Squatting in Slovenia|Slovenia]], the capital [[Ljubljana]] has an occupied former military barracks called [[Metelkova]] and the recently evicted former bicycle factory called [[Rog (factory)|Rog]].<ref name="MAH">{{cite journal |last1=Siegrist |first1=Nathan |last2=Thörn |first2=Håkan |title=Metelkova as Autonomous Heterotopia |journal=Antipode |date=November 2020 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1837–1856 |doi=10.1111/anti.12677|bibcode=2020Antip..52.1837S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Rog">{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Kornelia |title=Conflicting Visions of Urban Regeneration in a New Political and Economic Order |journal=Anthropological Journal of European Cultures |date=1 September 2012 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=68–88 |doi=10.3167/ajec.2012.210208 |url=https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A74187/attachment/ATT-0/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716082915/https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A74187/attachment/ATT-0/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* [[Squatting in Croatia|Croatia]] has social centres such as the former Karlo Rojc barracks in [[Pula]] and (AKC) Medika in [[Zagreb]].<ref name="Rojc">{{cite web |title=Culture center Rojc Pula |url=https://www.pulacroatia.net/item/culture-center-rojc-pula/ |website=Pula Croatia |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208165246/https://www.pulacroatia.net/item/culture-center-rojc-pula/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Medika">{{cite news |last1=McDonnell |first1=Justin |title=The best venues for live music in Zagreb |url=https://www.timeout.com/croatia/music/the-best-live-music-venues-in-zagreb |access-date=8 December 2021 |work=Time Out Croatia |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207124302/https://www.timeout.com/croatia/music/the-best-live-music-venues-in-zagreb |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* In [[Squatting in Serbia|Serbia]], shacks to be built as second homes or Roma people occupy buildings.<ref name="Drofenik">{{cite web |last1=Drofenik |first1=Maša |title=Intra-team Comparison Report for CROATIA, SERBIA, SLOVENIA |url=https://www.uni-bremen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/fachbereiche/fb6/fb6/Forschung/ZERP/TENLAW/IntrateamCom/HR-RS-SI_comparison_report_20150203.pdf |website=Bremen University |publisher=TENLAW: Tenancy Law and Housing Policy in Multi-level Europe |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613174819/https://www.uni-bremen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/fachbereiche/fb6/fb6/Forschung/ZERP/TENLAW/IntrateamCom/HR-RS-SI_comparison_report_20150203.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A large Roma informal settlement called [[Cardboard city]] was evicted in 2009.<ref name="RSE">{{cite news |last1=Glavonjić |first1=Zoran |title=U Beogradu raseljen "Karton siti" |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/karton_siti_raseljen/1811649.html |access-date=12 March 2021 |work=Radio Slobodna Evropa |date=31 August 2009 |language=sh |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523023819/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/karton_siti_raseljen/1811649.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1980s [[Soviet Russia]], there was a practice used by artists and musicians to acquire communal rooms and then expand into other rooms. Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], there were many collectively organised housing occupations by families and refugees. The groups would attempt to legalise in some cases and not in others. There were also art squats, for example, in [[Saint Petersburg]], there were Pushkinskaya 10, Na Fontanke and Synovia doktora Pelia.<ref name="Golova">{{cite journal |last1=Golova|first1=Tatiana |title=Squatting and the moral economy of public-private relations |journal=Baltic Worlds |url=http://balticworlds.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/BW-1-2-2016-open-access.pdf |pages=57–66 |access-date=2021-01-07 |archive-date=2018-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412103404/http://balticworlds.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/BW-1-2-2016-open-access.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 1990s, the [[Government of Moscow]] prepared to renovate buildings, but then ran out of money, meaning that squatters occupied prime real estate. By 1996, 40 percent of [[Tverskaya Street]] was rented illegally or squatted.<ref name="Simon">{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Stephanie |title=With Public Buildings Occupied Rent-Free, Russia Is Losing Millions; A St. Petersburg girls' home is just one tenant benefiting from property market chaos. Squatters abound in Moscow. |work=Los Angeles Times |date=27 March 1996}}</ref>

[[Squatting in the Czech Republic]] began in its modern form when [[anarchist]] and [[Punk subculture|punk]] activists inspired by squatting movements in Amsterdam and Berlin occupied derelict houses following the 1989 [[Velvet Revolution]].<ref name="Prague" /> [[Ladronka]] (1993–2000) became internationally famous as a hub for counter-cultural activities and anarchist organisation.<ref name="NP">{{cite journal |last1=Novák |first1=Arnošt |last2=Pixová |first2=Michaela |title=Prague Post-1989: Boom, decline and renaissance |journal=Baltic Worlds |url=http://balticworlds.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/BW-1-2-2016-open-access.pdf |pages=34–45 |access-date=2020-10-04 |archive-date=2018-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412103404/http://balticworlds.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/BW-1-2-2016-open-access.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Squat Milada]] was occupied in 1997 and evicted in 2009. Its longevity was in part due to the building not existing in the [[cadastre]].<ref name="Prague">{{cite book|editor1-last=Squatting Everywhere Kollective |last1=Trnka |first1=Jan |last2=Novák |first2=Arnošt|chapter=Squatting in Prague |title=Fighting for spaces, fighting for our lives: Squatting movements today |date=2018 |publisher=edition assemblage |location=Münster |isbn=978-3-942885-90-4 |pages=151–166 |edition=1}}</ref> [[Klinika (social centre)|Klinika]] was an occupied social centre between 2014 and 2019.<ref name="Klinika">{{cite journal |last1=Novák |first1=Arnošt |title=Every city needs a Klinika: The struggle for autonomy in the post-political city |journal=Social Movement Studies |date=28 May 2020 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=276–291 |doi=10.1080/14742837.2020.1770070|s2cid=219746673 }}</ref> These three social centres, all in Prague, were the city's three most important political squats.<ref name="NK">{{cite journal |last2=Novák |first2=Arnošt |last1=Kuřík |first1=Bob |title=Rethinking radical activism: Heterogeneity and dynamics of political squatting in Prague after 1989 |journal=Journal of Urban Affairs |date=17 February 2020 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=203–221 |doi=10.1080/07352166.2019.1565820|s2cid=159082940 }}</ref>
[[File:AnarchistSquatDemoGreece.jpg|thumb|right|A pro-squatting protest in Greece, with participants carrying anarchist flags]]
Starting from December 2012, [[Greek Police]] initiated extensive raids in a number of squats in [[Athens]], arresting and charging with offences all illegal occupants (mostly anarchists). Squats including [[Villa Amalia (Athens)|Villa Amalia]] were evicted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.in.gr/greece/article/?aid=1231229922 |title=Στον ανακριτή ανά ομάδες οι 92 συλληφθέντες από τη βίλα Αμαλίας |work=[[in.gr]] |date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=2013-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113043636/http://news.in.gr/greece/article/?aid=1231229922 |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> A march in support of the 92 arrestees drew between 3,000 and 8,000 people.<ref name="Rally">{{cite news |last1=Dabilis |first1=Andy |title=Anarchists Rally Supports Squatters Rights |url=https://greece.greekreporter.com/2013/01/12/anarchists-rally-supports-squatters-rights/ |access-date=20 April 2019 |date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420202054/https://greece.greekreporter.com/2013/01/12/anarchists-rally-supports-squatters-rights/ |archive-date=20 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> After Villa Amalia, Villa Skaramanga and then Villa Lela Karagianni were evicted. Lela Karagianni had been squatted since 1998 and was later reoccupied.<ref name="Cappucini">{{cite book |last1=Cappuccini |first1=Monia |title=Austerity & Democracy in Athens: Crisis and Community in Exarchia |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-319-64127-0 |page=52}}</ref> The name came from the street, named for a Greek World War II [[Lela Karagianni|resistance leader]] of that name. From 2015 onwards Athens has seen [[Athens refugee squats|refugee squats]] in response to the [[European migrant crisis]] which are anarchist and self-organised.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maniatis|first1=Giorgos|title=From a Crisis of Management to Humanitarian Crisis Management|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly|volume=117|issue=4|pages=905–913|date=October 2018|doi=10.1215/00382876-7166068|s2cid=76653388|issn=0038-2876}}</ref> In 2019, several squats in [[Exarcheia]] were evicted by the Greek state. Some of the migrants evicted set up a camp outside the Parliament at [[Syntagma Square]].<ref name="Ekathimerini">{{cite news |title=Refugees evicted from squat set up camp in Syntagma |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/239744/article/ekathimerini/news/refugees-evicted-from-squat-set-up-camp-in-syntagma |access-date=19 May 2019 |work=Ekathimerini |date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525002708/http://www.ekathimerini.com/239744/article/ekathimerini/news/refugees-evicted-from-squat-set-up-camp-in-syntagma |archive-date=25 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There was a large squatting movement in the newly formed state of [[Republic of German-Austria|Austria]] following the [[First World War]]. Famine was a significant problem for many people in Austria and the "Siedler" (settler) movement developed as these people tried to create shelter and a source of food for themselves.<ref name=Vossoughian>{{cite book |last1=Vossoughian |first1=Nader |title=Otto Neurath: The Language of the Global Polis |date=2008 |publisher=NAi |location=The Hague |isbn=978-90-5662-350-0}}</ref> The [[Ernst Kirchweger Haus]] (EKH) in [[Vienna]] was squatted as a social centre in 1990 and legalised in 2008. In 2014, 1,500 riot [[Federal Police (Austria)|police officers]], a [[SWAT vehicle|tank-like police vehicle]], a police [[water cannon]] and helicopters were used to clear a building occupied by the group Pizzeria Anarchia in Vienna.<ref name="PA">{{cite news |last1=von Usslar |first1=Maria |last2=Matzenberger |first2=Michael |last3=Melzer |first3=Anja |title=Polizei räumte "Pizzeria Anarchia": 19 Besetzer festgenommen – derStandard.at |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000003586717/wien-vorbereitungen-zur-raeumung-der-pizzeria-anarchia-begonnen |access-date=1 October 2020 |work=Der Standard | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124114/https://derstandard.at/2000003586717/Wien-Vorbereitungen-zur-Raeumung-der-Pizzeria-Anarchia-begonnen | archive-date=2018-12-09 | url-status=live |date=28 July 2014 |language=de-AT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2672896/|title="Pizzeria Anarchia": Räumung um 870.000 Euro|date = 2014-10-09|access-date = 2018-12-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124655/https://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2672896/|archive-date = 2018-12-09|url-status = live}}</ref>