Editing Soundtrack (section)

== Psychology of music and film soundtracks ==
In the late 1980s, [[cognitive psychology]] and [[Music psychology|psychology of music]] started an investigation on the impact that the soundtrack exerts on the interpretation of audiovisual stimuli. Canadian psychologist Annabel J. Cohen is one of the first scholars who systematically studied the relationship between music and moving image within the interpretation process of brief animated videos. Her studies converged in the ''Congruence-Association Model of music and multimedia''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Annabel J. |title=The Psychology of Music in Multimedia |date=2013-06-27 |chapter=Congruence-Association Model of music and multimedia: Origin and evolution |pages=17–47 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3160/chapter/144031257 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608157.003.0002|isbn=978-0-19-960815-7 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Annabel J. |date=2015-01-01 |title=Congruence-Association Model and Experiments in Film Music: Toward Interdisciplinary Collaboration |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/mmi/article/8/2/5/215703/Congruence-Association-Model-and-Experiments-in |journal=Music and the Moving Image |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=5–24 |doi=10.5406/musimoviimag.8.2.0005 |s2cid=143119327 |issn=2167-8464}}</ref> More recent empirical studies proved that the film music goes far beyond the role of an emotionalizing accessory in film contexts;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herget |first=Ann-Kristin |date=2021 |title=On music's potential to convey meaning in film: A systematic review of empirical evidence |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0305735619835019 |journal=Psychology of Music |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=21–49 |doi=10.1177/0305735619835019 |s2cid=151013579 |issn=0305-7356}}</ref> contrarily, it can radically alter the empathy experienced by the viewers toward the characters on screen, attributed emotions (e.g., whether a character is happy or sad),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Siu-Lan |last2=Spackman |first2=Matthew P. |last3=Bezdek |first3=Matthew A. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Viewers' Interpretations of Film Characters' Emotions: Effects of Presenting Film Music Before or After a Character is Shown |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/mp/article/25/2/135/95283/Viewers-Interpretations-of-Film-Characters |journal=Music Perception |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=135–152 |doi=10.1525/mp.2007.25.2.135 |issn=0730-7829}}</ref> evaluation of the scenic environments, plot anticipations,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ansani |first1=Alessandro |last2=Marini |first2=Marco |last3=D'Errico |first3=Francesca |last4=Poggi |first4=Isabella |date=2020-10-07 |title=How Soundtracks Shape What We See: Analyzing the Influence of Music on Visual Scenes Through Self-Assessment, Eye Tracking, and Pupillometry |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=11 |pages=2242 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02242 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=7575867 |pmid=33117211|doi-access=free }}</ref> and moral judgement of the characters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steffens |first=Jochen |date=2020 |title=The influence of film music on moral judgments of movie scenes and felt emotions |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0305735618779443 |journal=Psychology of Music |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |doi=10.1177/0305735618779443 |s2cid=150174201 |issn=0305-7356}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Eye tracking|eyetracking]] and [[pupillometry]] studies found that film music is able to influence gaze direction and pupil dilation depending on its emotional valence and semantic information conveyed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wallengren |first1=Ann-Kristin |last2=Strukelj |first2=Alexander |date=2015-07-01 |title=Film Music and Visual Attention: A Pilot Experiment using Eye-Tracking |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/mmi/article/8/2/69/215702/Film-Music-and-Visual-Attention-A-Pilot-Experiment |journal=Music and the Moving Image |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.5406/musimoviimag.8.2.0069 |s2cid=143275360 |issn=2167-8464}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mera |first1=Miguel |last2=Stumpf |first2=Simone |date=2014-10-01 |title=Eye-Tracking Film Music |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/mmi/article/7/3/3/215687/Eye-Tracking-Film-Music |journal=Music and the Moving Image |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=3–23 |doi=10.5406/musimoviimag.7.3.0003 |issn=2167-8464}}</ref> Recently, new experiments showed that film music can alter time perception while watching movies; in particular, soundtracks deemed as activating and arousing lead to time overestimation as opposed to more relaxing or sad music.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ansani |first1=Alessandro |last2=Marini |first2=Marco |last3=Mallia |first3=Luca |last4=Poggi |first4=Isabella |date=2021-10-29 |title=Music and Time Perception in Audiovisuals: Arousing Soundtracks Lead to Time Overestimation No Matter Their Emotional Valence |journal=Multimodal Technologies and Interaction |language=en |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=68 |doi=10.3390/mti5110068 |issn=2414-4088|doi-access=free |hdl=11573/1583219 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Lastly, soundtracks have been proved to shape the memory of the scene that the viewers form, to the point of biasing their recall coherently with the music's semantic contents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ansani |first1=Alessandro |last2=Marini |first2=Marco |last3=Poggi |first3=Isabella |last4=Mallia |first4=Luca |date=2022-08-24 |title=Recognition memory in movie scenes: the soundtrack induces mood-coherent bias, but not through mood induction |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20445911.2022.2116448 |journal=Journal of Cognitive Psychology |volume=35 |language=en |pages=59–75 |doi=10.1080/20445911.2022.2116448 |s2cid=251861253 |issn=2044-5911}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boltz |first=Marilyn G. |date=2001-06-01 |title=Musical Soundtracks as a Schematic Influence on the Cognitive Processing of Filmed Events |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/mp/article/18/4/427/62098/Musical-Soundtracks-as-a-Schematic-Influence-on |journal=Music Perception |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=427–454 |doi=10.1525/mp.2001.18.4.427 |issn=0730-7829}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boltz |first1=Marilyn |last2=Schulkind |first2=Matthew |last3=Kantra |first3=Suzanne |date=1991 |title=Effects of background music on the remembering of filmed events |journal=Memory & Cognition |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=593–606 |doi=10.3758/BF03197154 |pmid=1721996 |s2cid=42924970 |issn=0090-502X|doi-access=free }}</ref>