Editing Soft power (section)

=== Worldwide ===
The Soviet Union competed with the U.S. for influence throughout the [[Cold War]]. The Soviets were engaged in a broad campaign to convince the world of the attractiveness of its Communist system. In 1945, the Soviet Union was very effective in attracting many in Europe from its resistance to [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], and in colonized areas around the world because of its opposition to [[European imperialism]].{{sfn|Nye|2004a|loc=Chapter 3}} The Soviets also employed a substantially large [[public diplomacy]] program that included: promoting their high culture, broadcasting, disseminating information about the West, and sponsoring nuclear protests, peace movements, and youth organizations. Despite all of this, the Soviets' closed system and lack of popular culture impeded the ability of the Soviet Union to compete with the U.S. in terms of soft power.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Soviet soft power in Poland: culture and the making of Stalin's new empire, 1943-1957 |last=Babiracki |first=Patryk |date=2015 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9781469623085 |location=Chapel Hill |oclc=911173017}}</ref>
[[File:Umm Kulthum 1969.jpg|thumb|[[Umm Kulthum]], example of Egypt's soft power in the 20th century Arab World]]
A number of [[Autocracy|non-democratic governments]] have attempted to use [[Human migration|migration]] as an instrument of soft power: [[Egypt]] under the rule of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] trained and dispatched thousands of teachers across the [[Arab world]] in an effort to spread ideas of [[Anti-imperialism|anti-colonialism]] and [[anti-Zionism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsourapas |first=Gerasimos |s2cid=158085638 |title=Authoritarian emigration states: Soft power and cross-border mobility in the Middle East |journal=International Political Science Review |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=400–416|doi=10.1177/0192512118759902 |year=2018 |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/48708510/Tsourapas_Authoritarian_emigration_states_IPSR_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222110637/http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/48708510/Tsourapas_Authoritarian_emigration_states_IPSR_2018.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-22 }}</ref> In [[Cuba]], the [[Fidel Castro]] regime's [[Cuban medical internationalism|medical internationalism]] programme has dispatched thousands of medical professionals abroad for [[cultural diplomacy]] purposes.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cuban medical internationalism : origins, evolution, and goals |last1=Kirk |first1=John M. |date=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |last2=Erisman |first2=H. Michael |isbn=978-1403983725 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=248348330}}</ref> The Chinese-sponsored [[Confucius Institute]]s across the world rely on Chinese teachers in order to strengthen the country's soft power abroad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/china-soft-power-offensive-confucius-institute-education/|title=China's soft power offensive|date=2017-12-26|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-06-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153344/https://www.politico.eu/article/china-soft-power-offensive-confucius-institute-education/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The United States and Europe have consistently been sources of influence and soft power.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Joseph |last1=Nye |author1-link=Joseph S. Nye |title=Europe's Soft Power |url=http://www.theglobalist.com/europes-soft-power/ |publisher=[[The Globalist]] |access-date=30 July 2015 |date=3 May 2004 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208183728/http://www.theglobalist.com/europes-soft-power/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[European culture]]'s art, literature, music, design, fashion, and even food have been global magnets for some time.{{sfn|Nye|2004a|loc=Chapter 3}} Europe and the U.S. have often claimed to support [[human rights]] and [[international law]] throughout the world. In 2012, the [[European Union]] was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] "for over six decades [it has] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 - European Union (EU) |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-facts.html |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]] |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214011947/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-facts.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From war to peace: European Union accepts Nobel Prize |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=24 December 2013 |newspaper=[[CNN]] |date=10 December 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120940/http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/nobel-peace-prize/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the U.S. has the second largest diplomatic network in the world,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank |url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Lowy Institute |ref=Lowy2019 |archive-date=2019-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201012801/http://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-27 |title=China now has the most diplomatic posts worldwide |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50569237 |access-date=2020-08-10 |archive-date=2020-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906012525/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50569237 |url-status=live}}</ref> the largest number of foreign journalists based in the country,<ref name="Monocle2012">{{cite web |title=Soft Power Survey 2012 |url=http://monocle.com/film/affairs/soft-power-survey-2012/ |publisher=Monocle |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727144158/http://monocle.com/film/affairs/soft-power-survey-2012/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and is the most popular destination for international students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study in the USA |url=http://www.internationalstudent.com/study_usa/ |publisher=International Student |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208143659/http://www.internationalstudent.com/study_usa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cinema of the United States|American films]], television, music, advertising, fashion, food, economic models, political culture, and literature have contributed to the [[Americanization]] of other cultures.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fluck |first1=Winfried |title=The Americanization of Modern Culture: A Cultural History of the Popular Media* |url=http://www.jfki.fu-berlin.de/en/v/publications_fluck/2000/Romance_with_America/Fluck__Winfried_-_The_Americanization_of_Modern_Culture.pdf |publisher=John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Berlin |access-date=5 December 2015 |date=2009 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165450/http://www.jfki.fu-berlin.de/en/v/publications_fluck/2000/Romance_with_America/Fluck__Winfried_-_The_Americanization_of_Modern_Culture.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Asia and more recently China have been working to use the potential soft power assets that are present in the admiration of their ancient cultures, arts, fashion and cuisine.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Soft power with Chinese characteristics: China's campaign for hearts and minds |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Edney, Kingsley, Rosen, Stanley, Zhu, Ying, editors |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-351-80435-6 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=1130023014}}</ref> China is presenting itself as a defender of national sovereignty,<ref>Friedberg, Aaron L. ''A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia'', New York: Norton Publishing, 2011.</ref> which became an issue after the [[NATO]] air campaign to oust Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and NATO's support of the rebels in Libya.<ref>Felgenhauer, Pavel. "The Fall of Gaddafi Angers Many In Moscow". ''Eurasia Daily Monitor'' Volume: 8 Issue: 164. September 8, 2011. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38374 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530045039/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38374 |date=2013-05-30 }}</ref> The Chinese are also competing with the United States to gain influence throughout the South Pacific, however some commentators have said their recent assertiveness in this region has created an appeal for nations in this region to align with the United States thus increasing U.S. soft power in this area.<ref>Friedberg, Aaron L. ''A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia'', New York: Norton Publishing, 2011. p. 200</ref>

Soft power extends beyond the operations of government, to the activities of the private sector and to society and culture at large.<ref>Lord, Carnes, "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power", in Waller, ed., ''Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare'' (IWP Press, 2008) p. 60.</ref> Soft power has gained more influence because it addresses the underlying dispositions of the people who have increasingly become more active in their governments.<ref name="Angelo M. Codevilla 2008" /> This is true even in authoritarian countries where people and institutions are increasingly able to shape the debate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dsb/commun.pdf |title=Defense Science Board, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Strategic Communication (Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics |date=September 2004}}</ref>