Editing Silicon Valley (section)

===Origins of the Internet===
{{Main|ARPANET|History of the Internet}}
[[File:Arpanet_logical_map,_march_1977.png|thumb|left|[[ARPANET]], the predecessor to the [[Internet]], began to be developed in 1966 by the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] and four research universities in California, including Stanford.]]
On April 23, 1963, [[J. C. R. Licklider]], the first director of the [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] (IPTO) at [[The Pentagon]]'s [[DARPA|ARPA]] issued an office memorandum addressed to [[Intergalactic Computer Network|Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network]]. It rescheduled a meeting in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]] regarding his vision of a computer network, which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all, the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.<ref>{{cite web |author=Licklider, J. C. R. |title=Topics for Discussion at the Forthcoming Meeting, Memorandum For: Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network |date=April 23, 1963 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Advanced Research Projects Agency, via KurzweilAI.net |url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/memorandum-for-members-and-affiliates-of-the-intergalactic-computer-network |access-date=January 26, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123122118/http://www.kurzweilai.net/memorandum-for-members-and-affiliates-of-the-intergalactic-computer-network |archive-date=January 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Leiner, Barry M. |title="Origins of the Internet" in A Brief History of the Internet version 3.32 |publisher=The Internet Society |date=December 10, 2003 |url=http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#Origins |access-date=November 3, 2007 |display-authors=etal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604153304/http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#Origins |archive-date=June 4, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Garreau2006">{{cite book |last=Garreau |first=Joel |title=Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies—and what it Means to be Human |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCuOKOD5nY4C&pg=PA22 |year=2006 |publisher=Broadway |isbn=978-0-7679-1503-8 |page=22 |access-date=September 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101125434/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCuOKOD5nY4C&pg=PA22 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (United States Government) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/745612/Defense-Advanced-Research-Projects-Agency-DARPA#ref829305 |access-date=January 11, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111211444/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/745612/Defense-Advanced-Research-Projects-Agency-DARPA#ref829305 |archive-date=January 11, 2014 }}</ref> As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking."<ref name=britannica /> In 1969, the [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]] (now SRI International), operated one of the four original nodes that comprised [[ARPANET]], predecessor to the [[Internet]].<ref>Christophe Lécuyer, "What Do Universities Really Owe Industry? The Case of Solid State Electronics at Stanford," ''Minerva: a Review of Science, Learning & Policy'' 2005 43(1): 51–71</ref>