Editing Sigmund Freud (section)

===Early followers===
[[File:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark.jpg|thumb|At [[Clark University]], 1909. Front row: Freud, [[G. Stanley Hall]], [[Carl Jung]]; back row: [[Abraham Brill]], [[Ernest Jones]], [[Sándor Ferenczi]] ]]
In 1902, Freud, at last, realised his long-standing ambition to be made a university professor. The title "professor extraordinarius"<ref>{{Cite book |last1=John Forrester, Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqYKb9-zGRkC&pg=PT70 |title=Interpreting Dreams |last2=Sigmund Freud |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-14-191553-1 |page=70 |quote=Affiliated Professor seems to me to be the best translation of professor extraordinarius, which position has the rank of Full Professor, but without payment by the University.}}</ref> was important to Freud for the recognition and prestige it conferred, there being no salary or teaching duties attached to the post (he would be granted the enhanced status of "professor ordinarius" in 1920).<ref>Clark (1980), p. 424</ref> Despite support from the university, his appointment had been blocked in successive years by the political authorities and it was secured only with the intervention of an influential ex-patient, Baroness Marie Ferstel, who (supposedly) had to bribe the minister of education with a valuable painting.<ref>Phillips, Adam (2014) ''Becoming Freud'' Yale University Press. p. 139.</ref>

Freud continued with the regular series of lectures on his work which, since the mid-1880s as a [[docent]] of Vienna University, he had been delivering to small audiences every Saturday evening at the lecture hall of the university's psychiatric clinic.<ref name="FreudianCalling52">{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTMnqDhTzNgC&pg=PA52 |title=The Freudian Calling: Early Psychoanalysis and the Pursuit of Cultural Science |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8143-2621-3 |location=Detroit |page=52}}</ref> From the autumn of 1902, a number of Viennese physicians who had expressed interest in Freud's work were invited to meet at his apartment every Wednesday afternoon to discuss issues relating to psychology and neuropathology.<ref name="Cassandra100">{{Cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjw-9LEpR04C&pg=PA100 |title=Cassandra's daughter: a history of psychoanalysis |publisher=Karnac |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85575-939-8 |location=London |page=100}}</ref> This group was called the Wednesday Psychological Society (''Psychologische Mittwochs-Gesellschaft'') and it marked the beginnings of the worldwide psychoanalytic movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellenberger |first=Henri F. |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich |title=The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry |publisher=Basic Books |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-465-01673-0 |edition=[Repr.] |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/443 443], 454 |url-access=registration}}</ref> 

Freud founded this discussion group at the suggestion of the physician [[Wilhelm Stekel]]. Stekel had studied medicine; his conversion to psychoanalysis is variously attributed to his successful treatment by Freud for a sexual problem or as a result of his reading ''The Interpretation of Dreams'', to which he subsequently gave a positive review in the Viennese daily newspaper ''Neues Wiener Tagblatt''.<ref>Stekel's review appeared in 1902. In it, he declared that Freud's work heralded "a new era in psychology".{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTMnqDhTzNgC&pg=PA52 |title=The Freudian Calling: Early Psychoanalysis and the Pursuit of Cultural Science |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8143-2621-3 |location=Detroit |page=52}}</ref> The other three original members whom Freud invited to attend, [[Alfred Adler]], Max Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler, were also physicians<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rose |first=Louis |year=1998 |title=Freud and fetishism: previously unpublished minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society |url=http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=PAQ.057.0147A |url-status=live |journal=Psychoanalytic Quarterly |volume=57 |issue=2 |page=147 |doi=10.1080/21674086.1988.11927209 |pmid=3287411 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309112945/http://pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.057.0147a |archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> and all five were Jewish by birth.<ref>Reitler's family had converted to Catholicism. {{Cite book |last=Makari |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWBHwLjeXsC&pg=PA130 |title=Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-522-85480-0 |edition=Australian |location=Carlton, Vic. |page=130}}</ref> Both Kahane and Reitler were childhood friends of Freud who had gone to university with him and kept abreast of Freud's developing ideas by attending his Saturday evening lectures.<ref name="makari130">{{Cite book |last=Makari |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWBHwLjeXsC&pg=PA130 |title=Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-522-85480-0 |edition=Australian |location=Carlton, Vic. |pages=130–31}}</ref> In 1901, Kahane, who first introduced Stekel to Freud's work,<ref name=FreudianCalling52/> had opened an out-patient psychotherapy institute of which he was the director in Vienna.<ref name=Cassandra100/> In the same year, his medical textbook, ''Outline of Internal Medicine for Students and Practicing Physicians'', was published. In it, he provided an outline of Freud's psychoanalytic method.<ref name=FreudianCalling52/> Kahane broke with Freud and left the Wednesday Psychological Society in 1907 for unknown reasons and in 1923 died of suicide.<ref>Stekel, Wilhelm (2007). 'On the history of the psychoanalytic movement. Jap Bos (trans. and annot.). In Japp Boss and Leendert Groenendijk (eds). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xM2ZCFWADXUC&pg=PA131 ''The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel: Freudian Circles Inside and Out'']. New York. p. 131</ref> Reitler was the director of an establishment providing thermal cures in [[Dorotheergasse]] which had been founded in 1901.<ref name=Cassandra100/> He died prematurely in 1917. Adler, regarded as the most formidable intellect among the early Freud circle, was a socialist who in 1898 had written a health manual for the tailoring trade. He was particularly interested in the potential social impact of psychiatry.<ref name="Gay174">Gay 2006, pp. 174–75</ref>

[[Max Graf]], a Viennese musicologist and father of "[[Herbert Graf|Little Hans]]", who had first encountered Freud in 1900 and joined the Wednesday group soon after its initial inception,<ref>The real name of "Little Hans" was Herbert Graf. See Gay 2006, pp. 156, 174.</ref> described the ritual and atmosphere of the early meetings of the society:

{{blockquote|The gatherings followed a definite ritual. First one of the members would present a paper. Then, black coffee and cakes were served; cigars and cigarettes were on the table and were consumed in great quantities. After a social quarter of an hour, the discussion would begin. The last and decisive word was always spoken by Freud himself. There was the atmosphere of the foundation of a religion in that room. Freud himself was its new prophet who made the heretofore prevailing methods of psychological investigation appear superficial.<ref name=Gay174/>}}

[[File:Jung 1910-rotated.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Carl Jung]] in 1910]]
By 1906, the group had grown to sixteen members, including [[Otto Rank]], who was employed as the group's paid secretary.<ref name=Gay174/> In the same year, Freud began a correspondence with [[Carl Gustav Jung]] who was by then already an academically acclaimed researcher into word-association and the [[Galvanic Skin Response]], and a lecturer at [[University of Zurich|Zurich University]], although still only an assistant to [[Eugen Bleuler]] at the [[Burghölzli|Burghölzli Mental Hospital]] in Zürich.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wehr, Gerhard |url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/83 |title=Jung – A Biography |date=1985 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-0-87773-455-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/83 83–85]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sulloway |first=Frank J. |year=1991 |title=Reassessing Freud's case histories: the social construction of psychoanalysis |journal=Isis |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=245–75 |doi=10.1086/355727 |pmid=1917435 |s2cid=41485270}}</ref> In March 1907, Jung and [[Ludwig Binswanger]], also a Swiss psychiatrist, travelled to Vienna to visit Freud and attend the discussion group. Thereafter, they established a small psychoanalytic group in Zürich. In 1908, reflecting its growing institutional status, the Wednesday group was reconstituted as the [[Vienna Psychoanalytic Society]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellenberger |first=Henri F. |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich |title=The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry |publisher=Basic Books |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-465-01673-0 |edition=[Repr.] |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/455 455] |url-access=registration}}</ref> with Freud as president, a position he relinquished in 1910 in favor of Adler in the hope of neutralizing his increasingly critical standpoint.<ref name="Gay219">Gay 2006, p. 219</ref>

The first woman member, [[Margarete Hilferding]], joined the Society in 1910<ref name="Gay503">Gay 2006, p. 503</ref> and the following year she was joined by [[Tatiana Rosenthal]] and [[Sabina Spielrein]] who were both Russian psychiatrists and graduates of the Zürich University medical school. Before the completion of her studies, Spielrein had been a patient of Jung at the Burghölzli and the clinical and personal details of their relationship became the subject of an extensive correspondence between Freud and Jung. Both women would go on to make important contributions to the work of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society founded in 1910.<ref>Martin Miller(1998) ''Freud and the Bolsheviks'', Yale University Press, pp. 24, 45</ref>

Freud's early followers met together formally for the first time at the Hotel Bristol, [[Salzburg]] on 27 April 1908. This meeting, which was retrospectively deemed to be the first International Psychoanalytic Congress,<ref>Jones, E. 1955, pp. 44–45</ref> was convened at the suggestion of [[Ernest Jones]], then a London-based neurologist who had discovered Freud's writings and begun applying psychoanalytic methods in his clinical work. Jones had met Jung at a conference the previous year and they met up again in Zürich to organize the Congress. There were, as Jones records, "forty-two present, half of whom were or became practising analysts."<ref>Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 332</ref> In addition to Jones and the Viennese and Zürich contingents accompanying Freud and Jung, also present and notable for their subsequent importance in the psychoanalytic movement were [[Karl Abraham]] and [[Max Eitingon]] from Berlin, [[Sándor Ferenczi]] from Budapest and the New York-based [[Abraham Brill]].

Important decisions were taken at the Congress to advance the impact of Freud's work. A journal, the ''Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen'', was launched in 1909 under the editorship of Jung. This was followed in 1910 by the monthly ''Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse'' edited by Adler and Stekel, in 1911 by ''Imago'', a journal devoted to the application of psychoanalysis to the field of cultural and literary studies edited by Rank and in 1913 by the ''[[Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse]]'', also edited by Rank.<ref>Jones, Ernest (1964) ''Sigmund Freud: Life and Work''. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books pp. 334, 352, 361</ref> Plans for an [[International Psychoanalytical Association|international association of psychoanalysts]] were put in place and these were implemented at the Nuremberg Congress of 1910 where Jung was elected, with Freud's support, as its first president.

Freud turned to Brill and Jones to further his ambition to spread the psychoanalytic cause in the English-speaking world. Both were invited to Vienna following the Salzburg Congress and a division of labour was agreed with Brill given the translation rights for Freud's works, and Jones, who was to take up a post at the [[University of Toronto]] later in the year, tasked with establishing a platform for Freudian ideas in North American academic and medical life.<ref>Gay 2006, p. 186</ref> Jones's advocacy prepared the way for Freud's visit to the United States, accompanied by Jung and Ferenczi, in September 1909 at the invitation of [[G. Stanley Hall|Stanley Hall]], president of [[Clark University]], Worcester, Massachusetts, where he gave five lectures on psychoanalysis.<ref name=Gaypage212/>

The event, at which Freud was awarded an Honorary Doctorate, marked the first public recognition of Freud's work and attracted widespread media interest. Freud's audience included the distinguished neurologist and psychiatrist [[James Jackson Putnam]], Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System at [[Harvard]], who invited Freud to his country retreat where they held extensive discussions over a period of four days. Putnam's subsequent public endorsement of Freud's work represented a significant breakthrough for the psychoanalytic cause in the United States.<ref name="Gaypage212">Gay 2006, p. 212</ref> When Putnam and Jones organised the founding of the [[American Psychoanalytic Association]] in May 1911 they were elected president and secretary respectively. Brill founded the [[New York Psychoanalytic Society]] the same year. His English translations of Freud's work began to appear from 1909.

====Resignations from the IPA====
Some of Freud's followers subsequently withdrew from the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (IPA) and founded their own schools.

From 1909, Adler's views on topics such as neurosis began to differ markedly from those held by Freud. As Adler's position appeared increasingly incompatible with Freudianism, a series of confrontations between their respective viewpoints took place at the meetings of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society in January and February 1911. In February 1911, Adler, then the president of the society, resigned his position. At this time, Stekel also resigned from his position as vice president of the society. Adler finally left the Freudian group altogether in June 1911 to form his own organization with nine other members who had also resigned from the group.<ref>Three members of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society resigned at the same time as Adler to establish the Society for Free Psychoanalysis. Six other members of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society who attempted to retain links to both the Adlerian and Freudian camps were forced out after Freud insisted that they must choose one side or another. {{Cite book |last=Makari |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWBHwLjeXsC&pg=PA262 |title=Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-522-85480-0 |edition=Australian |location=Carlton, Vic. |page=262}}</ref> This new formation was initially called ''Society for Free Psychoanalysis'' but it was soon renamed the ''Society for Individual Psychology''. In the period after World War I, Adler became increasingly associated with a psychological position he devised called [[individual psychology]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellenberger |first=Henri F. |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich |title=The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry |publisher=Basic Books |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-465-01673-0 |edition=[Repr.] |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/456 456], 584–85 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[File:Freud and other psychoanalysts 1922.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|The Committee in 1922 (from left to right): [[Otto Rank]], Sigmund Freud, [[Karl Abraham]], [[Max Eitingon]], [[Sándor Ferenczi]], [[Ernest Jones]], and [[Hanns Sachs]]]]

In 1912, Jung published ''Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido'' (published in English in 1916 as ''[[Psychology of the Unconscious]]'') making it clear that his views were taking a direction quite different from those of Freud. To distinguish his system from psychoanalysis, Jung called it [[analytical psychology]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellenberger |first=Henri F. |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich |title=The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry |publisher=Basic Books |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-465-01673-0 |edition=[Repr.] |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/456 456] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Anticipating the final breakdown of the relationship between Freud and Jung, Ernest Jones initiated the formation of a [[Inner circle (psychoanalysis)|Secret Committee]] of loyalists charged with safeguarding the theoretical coherence and institutional legacy of the psychoanalytic movement. Formed in the autumn of 1912, the Committee comprised Freud, Jones, Abraham, Ferenczi, Rank, and [[Hanns Sachs]]. Max Eitingon joined the Committee in 1919. Each member pledged himself not to make any public departure from the fundamental tenets of [[psychoanalytic theory]] before he had discussed his views with the others. After this development, Jung recognised that his position was untenable and resigned as editor of the ''Jahrbuch'' and then as president of the IPA in April 1914. The Zürich branch of the IPA withdrew from membership the following July.<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 229–30, 241</ref>

Later the same year, Freud published a paper entitled "[[s:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement|The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement]]", the German original being first published in the ''Jahrbuch'', giving his view on the birth and evolution of the psychoanalytic movement and the withdrawal of Adler and Jung from it.

The final defection from Freud's inner circle occurred following the publication in 1924 of Rank's ''[[The Trauma of Birth]]'' which other members of the Committee read as, in effect, abandoning the Oedipus Complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytic theory. Abraham and Jones became increasingly forceful critics of Rank and though he and Freud were reluctant to end their close and long-standing relationship the break finally came in 1926 when Rank resigned from his official posts in the IPA and left Vienna for Paris. His place on the committee was taken by [[Anna Freud]].<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 474–81</ref> Rank eventually settled in the United States where his revisions of Freudian theory were to influence a new generation of therapists uncomfortable with the orthodoxies of the IPA.