Editing Shot put (section)

==Putting styles==
Two putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors: the ''glide'' and the ''spin''. With all putting styles, the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward [[velocity]] at an angle of slightly less than forty-five degrees.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2010/08/03/201730/|title = Biomechanical Problem of Shot Putting Finally Solved}}</ref>

===Glide===
The origin of this technique dates to 1951, when [[Parry O'Brien]] from the [[United States]] invented a technique that involved the putter facing backwards, rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot. Unlike spin, this technique is a linear movement.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thoughtco.com/shot-put-glide-technique-3259104 |title = Follow These Directions for the Glide Technique in Shot Put}}</ref>

With this technique, a right-hand thrower would begin facing the rear of the circle. They would typically adopt a specific type of crouch, involving their bent right leg, in order to begin the throw from a more beneficial posture whilst also [[Isometric exercise#Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements|isometrically preloading]] their muscles. The positioning of their bodyweight over their bent leg, which pushes upwards with equal force, generates a preparatory isometric press. The force generated by this press will be channelled into the subsequent throw making it more powerful. To initiate the throw they kick to the front with the left leg, while pushing off forcefully with the right. As the thrower crosses the circle, the [[hips]] twist toward the front, the left arm is swung out then pulled back tight, followed by the shoulders, and they then strike in a putting motion with their right arm. The key is to move quickly across the circle with as little air under the feet as possible, hence the name 'glide'.

===Spin===
[[File:EVD-bala-008.ogv|thumb|Demonstration of the spin technique in shot put]]
This is also known as the rotational technique.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://track.coachesdirectory.com/article/rotational-vs-glide-revisited--comparing-shot-techniques-article.html |title=Rotational vs. Glide Revisited – Comparing Shot Techniques &#91;ARTICLE&#93; &#124; the Track & Field / Cross Country Coaches Insider |access-date=2018-05-09 |archive-date=2018-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115129/http://track.coachesdirectory.com/article/rotational-vs-glide-revisited--comparing-shot-techniques-article.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was first practiced in Europe in the 1950s but did not receive much attention until the 1970s.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | url=http://digitaltrackandfield.com/shot-put-spin-glide-technique-comparison/ |title = Shot Put Spin and Glide Technique Comparison|date = 2013-09-17}}</ref> In 1972, [[Aleksandr Baryshnikov]] set his first [[Soviet Union|USSR]] record using a new putting style, the spin ("круговой мах" in Russian), invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev.<ref name=Barysh1>[http://www.sportsdaily.ru/articles/hronograf-22508 Aleksandr Baryshnikov biography on sportsdaily.ru (in Russian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926012621/https://www.sportsdaily.ru/articles/hronograf-22508 |date=2021-09-26 }} reference tested at 11 May 2009</ref><ref name=Barysh2>[http://www.atlant.ru/sport/articles/sport_star/1102003022816/index.php Aleksandr Baryshnikov, Athlete from Russia (in Russian)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917193850/http://www.atlant.ru/sport/articles/sport_star/1102003022816/index.php |date=2010-09-17 }} reference tested at 11 May 2009</ref> The spin involves rotating like a [[discus throw|discus]] thrower and using [[Angular momentum|rotational momentum]] for power. In 1976 Baryshnikov went on to set a [[world record]] of {{convert|22.00|m|ft|abbr=on}} with his spin style, and was the first shot putter to cross the 22-meter mark.<ref name=ruderman1>[http://www.iaaf-rdc.ru/ru/docs/publication/28.htm Григорий РУДЕРМАН (Израиль), заслуженный тренер России «Метания в хх веке : тенденции развития.»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031121333/http://www.iaaf-rdc.ru/ru/docs/publication/28.htm |date=2013-10-31 }} reference tested at 11 May 2009</ref>

With this technique, a right-hand thrower faces the rear, and begins to spin on the [[Ball (anatomy)|ball]] of the left foot. The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the center of the circle. Finally, the thrower reaches for the front of the circle with the left foot, twisting the hips and shoulders like in the glide, and puts the shot.

When the athlete executes the spin, the upper body is twisted hard to the right, so the imaginary lines created by the shoulders and hips are no longer parallel. This action builds up [[torque]], and stretches the muscles, creating an involuntary [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] in the muscles, providing extra [[Power (physics)|power]] and [[momentum]]. When the athlete prepares to release, the left foot is firmly planted, causing the momentum and energy generated to be [[Momentum#Conservation of linear momentum|conserved]], pushing the shot in an upward and outward direction.

Another purpose of the spin is to build up a high [[rotational speed]], by swinging the right leg initially, then to bring all the limbs in tightly, similar to a [[Figure skating|figure skater]] bringing in their arms while [[Figure skating spins|spinning]] to increase their speed. Once this fast speed is achieved the shot is released, transferring the energy into the shot put.

Until 2016, a woman had never made an Olympic final (top 8) using the spin technique. The first woman to enter a final and win a medal at the Olympics was [[Anita Márton]].<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Shot Put: Glide or Spin? |url=http://www.ltfca.com/assets/glide-vs-spin.pdf |website=Louisiana Track and Field Coaches Association |access-date=2022-11-11 |date=2009 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126002357/http://www.ltfca.com/assets/glide-vs-spin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

[[Ryan Crouser]], the current men's world record holder, added an additional move, the "Crouser Slide", to his spin technique. He used this technique to set the world record at the Los Angeles Grand Prix in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-28 |title=History's best shot putter smashes world record with new technique at L.A. Grand Prix |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/story/2023-05-27/los-angeles-grand-prix-ryan-crouser-shot-put-record |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Cartwheel ===
A vertical spinning technique where the athlete does a cartwheel on one hand before releasing the shot. It is currently banned in major competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Athletics {{!}}  Shot Put |url=https://worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/shot-put |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250125163120/https://worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/shot-put |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=worldathletics.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Usage===
Currently, most top male shot putters use the spin. However the glide remains popular since the technique leads to greater consistency compared to the rotational technique. Almost all throwers start by using the glide. [[Tomasz Majewski]] notes that although most athletes use the spin,<ref>Playboy Poland 8/2012, page 44,45</ref> he and some other top shot putters achieved success using this classic method (for example he became the first to defend the Olympic title in 56 years).

The world record and the next six best male results (23.37, 23.30, 23.15, and 23.12 by Ryan Crouser, 23.23 by Joe Kovacs, and 23.12 and 23.10 by Randy Barnes) were completed with the spin technique, while the eighth-best all-time put of {{T&Fcalc|23.06}} by [[Ulf Timmermann]] was completed with the glide technique.

The decision to glide or spin may need to be decided on an individual basis, determined by the thrower's size and power. Short throwers may benefit from the spin and taller throwers may benefit from the glide, but many throwers do not follow this guideline.