Editing Shame (section)

=== Comparison with embarrassment ===

One view of difference between shame and [[embarrassment]] says that shame does not necessarily involve public humiliation while embarrassment does; that is, one can feel shame for an act known only to oneself but to be embarrassed one's actions must be revealed to others. In the field of ethics (moral psychology, in particular), however, there is debate as to whether or not shame is a heteronomous emotion, i.e., whether or not shame does involve recognition on the part of the ashamed that they have been judged negatively by others.

Another view of the dividing line between shame and embarrassment holds that the difference is one of intensity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Michael C.|title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment|date=2014|publisher=Outskirts Press|pages=75–78|isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5}}</ref> In this view embarrassment is simply a less intense experience of shame. It is adaptive and functional. Extreme or toxic shame is a much more intense experience and one that is not functional. In fact, according to this view, toxic shame can be debilitating. The dividing line then is between functional and dysfunctional shame. This includes the idea that shame has a function or benefit for the organism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Michael C.|title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment|date=2014|publisher=Outskirts Press|page=62|isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5}}</ref>

[[Immanuel Kant]] and his followers held that shame is heteronomous (comes from others); [[Bernard Williams]] and others have argued that shame can be autonomous (comes from oneself).<ref>Williams, Bernard: Shame and Necessity</ref><ref>Hutchinson, Phil: chapter four of Shame and Philosophy</ref> Shame may carry the connotation of a response to something that is morally wrong whereas embarrassment is the response to something that is morally neutral but socially unacceptable. Another view of shame and guilt is that shame is a focus on self, while guilt is a focus on behavior. Simply put: A person who feels guilt is saying "I did something bad.", while someone who feels shame is saying "I am bad".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listening to shame |author=Brené Brown |date=16 March 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psN1DORYYV0&ab_channel=TED|access-date=2021-02-20|via=YouTube}}</ref>

Embarrassment has occasionally been viewed as a less severe or intense form of shame, which usually varies on different aspects such as intensity, the physical reaction of the person, or the size of the present social audience, but it is distinct from shame in that it involves a focus on the self-presented to an audience rather than the entire self.<ref name=":3" /> It is experienced as a sense of fluster and slight mortification resulting from a social awkwardness that leads to a loss of esteem in the eyes of others. Embarrassment has been characterized as a sudden-onset sense of fluster and mortification that results when the self is evaluated negatively because one has committed, or anticipates committing, a gaffe or awkward performance before an audience. So, because shame is focused on the entire self, those who become embarrassed apologize for their mistake, and then begin to repair things and this repair involves redressing harm done to the presented self.<ref name="Niedenthal, P. M. 2017">{{cite book | last1=Niedenthal | first1=Paula M. | last2=Ric | first2=François | title=Psychology of Emotion | chapter=Self-Conscious Emotions | publication-place=New York | publisher=Taylor & Francis Group | date=2017 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-1-84872-511-9 | oclc=954038345 | doi=10.4324/9781315276229-6 | chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315276229-6/self-conscious-emotions-paula-niedenthal-fran%C3%A7ois-ric | chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref>

One view of difference between shame and embarrassment says that shame does not necessarily involve public humiliation while embarrassment does; that is, one can feel shame for an act known only to oneself but to be embarrassed one's actions must be revealed to others. Therefore shame can only be experienced in private and embarrassment can never be experienced in private.<ref name="Niedenthal, P. M. 2017"/> In the field of ethics (moral psychology, in particular), however, there is debate as to whether or not shame is a heteronomous emotion, i.e. whether or not shame does involve recognition on the part of the ashamed that they have been judged negatively by others. This is a mature heteronomous type of shame where the agent does not judge herself negatively, but, due to the negative judgments of others, suspects that she may deserve negative judgment, and feel shame on this basis.<ref>Turnbull, D. J. (2012). "Shame: In Defense of an Essential Moral Emotion". PhD thesis, Birkbeck, University of London.</ref> Therefore, shame may carry the connotation of a response to something that is morally wrong whereas embarrassment is the response to something that is morally neutral but socially unacceptable.