Editing Seville (section)

===Middle Ages===
In the wake of the [[Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]], Seville (''Spalis'') was seemingly taken by [[Musa ibn Nusayr]] in the late summer of 712, while he was on his way to [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]].<ref name=gathane /> Yet it had to be retaken in July 713 by troops led by his son [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa]], as the Visigothic population who had fled to [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]] had returned to Seville once Musa left for Mérida.<ref name=gathane /> The seat of the [[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]] of [[Al-Andalus]] (administrative division of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]) was thus established in the city until 716,<ref name=gathane>{{Cite book|chapter=La influencia del río Guadalquivir en la imagen de la ciudad de Sevilla a lo largo de los siglos|first=José|last=González Athané|title=Paisajes modelados por el agua: entre el arte y la ingeniería |chapter-url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4521997.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4521997.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|year=2012|isbn=978-84-9852-345-4<!--|pages=97-109-->|page=102}}</ref> when the capital of Al-Andalus was relocated to [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref>{{Cite journal|page=167|url=https://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/view/34/28|location=Madrid|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Ediciones CSIC]]|last=Calvo Capilla|first=Susana|year=2007|title=Las primeras mezquitas de al-Andalus a través de las fuentes árabes (92/711 – 170/785)|journal=Al-Qanṭara|volume=28|issue=1<!--|pages=143–179-->|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2007.v28.i1.34|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Seville (''Ishbīliya'') [[Viking raid on Seville|was sacked by Vikings]] in the mid-9th century. After Vikings arrived by 25 September 844, Seville fell to invaders on 1 October, and they stood for 40 days before they fled from the city.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Viking raids on the spanish peninsula|first=Rolf|last=Scheen|journal=Militaria: Revista de Cultura Militar|issn=0214-8765|issue=8|year=1996<!--|pages=67–88-->|pages=67 |location=Madrid|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|Ediciones Complutense]]|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/view/MILT9696110067A/3416}}</ref> During Umayyad rule, under an Andalusi-Arab framework, the bulk of the population were [[Muwallad|Muladi]] converts, to which Christian and Jewish minorities added up.{{Sfn|Valencia|1994|p=136–137; 138}} Up until the arrival of the [[Almohads]] in the 12th century, the city remained as the see of a Metropolitan Archbishop,<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA138|page=138|title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain|editor-first=Salma Khadra|editor-last=Jayyusi|edition=2nd|publisher=[[EJ Brill]]|location=Leiden, New York, Köln|year=1994|chapter=Islamic Seville: Its Political, Social and Cultural History|first=Rafael|last=Valencia|isbn=90-04-09599-3}}</ref> the leading Christian religious figure in al-Andalus. However, the transfer of the relics of [[Isidore of Seville|Saint Isidore]] to [[León, Spain|León]] circa 1063, in the taifa period, already hinted at a possible worsening of the situation of the local Christian minority.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Declive y extinción de la minoría cristiana en la Sevilla andalusí (ss. XI-XII)|first=Alejandro|last=García Sanjuán|journal=Historia. Instituciones. Documentos|issn=0210-7716|issue=31|year=2004<!--pages=269–286-->|url=http://institucional.us.es/revistas/historia/31/15%20garcia%20sanjuan.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://institucional.us.es/revistas/historia/31/15%20garcia%20sanjuan.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|pages=271–276}}</ref>

A [[Taifa of Seville|powerful ''taifa'' kingdom with capital in Seville]] emerged after 1023,{{Sfn|Valencia|1994|p=139}} in the wake of the [[fitna of al-Andalus]]. Ruled by the [[Abbadid dynasty]], the taifa grew by aggregation of smaller neighbouring ''taifas''.{{Sfn|Valencia|1994|p=139}} During the taifa period, Seville became an important scholarly and literary centre.{{Sfn|Valencia|1994|p=139}} After several months of siege, Seville was conquered by the [[Almoravids]] in 1091.<ref>{{Cite book|location=Granada|chapter-url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/81678/2018%20Valor-Lafuente.%20Sevilla%20taifa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|year=2018|title=Tawa'if. Historia y Arqueología de los reinos taifas|isbn=978-84-949380-2-3|chapter=La Sevilla 'abbādí|first1=Magdalena|last1=Valor Piechotta|first2=Pilar|last2=Lafuente Ibáñez|page=182|editor-first=Bilal|editor-last=Sarr|archive-date=28 September 2021|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928211903/https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/81678/2018%20Valor-Lafuente.%20Sevilla%20taifa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city fell to the Almohads on 17 January 1147 (12 [[Shaʽban]] 541).{{Sfn|El Hour|1999|p=289}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramírez del Río|first=José|year=1999|title=Pueblos de Sevilla en época islámica. Breve recorrido histórico-político|journal=Philologia Hispalensis|volume=13|issue=1|page=19<!--|pages=15–40-->|url=http://institucional.us.es/revistas/philologia/13_1/art_2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://institucional.us.es/revistas/philologia/13_1/art_2.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> After an informal Almohad settlement in Seville during the early stages of the Almohad presence in the Iberian Peninsula and then a brief relocation of the capital of al-Andalus to Córdoba in 1162 (which had dire consequences for Seville, reportedly depopulated and under starvation),<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/27507/1/Rachid_Transicion.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/27507/1/Rachid_Transicion.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|chapter=La transición entre las épocas almorávide y almohade vista a través de las familias de ulemas|last=El Hour|first=Rachid|year=1999|page=291|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]]|title=Estudios onomástico-biográficos de al-Andalus, IX<!--|pages=261–305-->|isbn=84-00-07860-8}}</ref> Seville became the definitive seat of the Andalusi part of the Almohad Empire in 1163,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10396/3558/12.11.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=La remodelación urbana de Ishbilia a través de la historiografía almohade|issue=12|year=2001|journal=Actas de las II Jornadas Cordobesas de Arqueología Andaluza|doi=10.21071/aac.v0i.11252|first=Enrique Luis|last=Domínguez Berenjeno|pages=178–179|location=Córdoba|publisher=[[University of Córdoba (Spain)|UCOPress]]|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|year=2017|chapter-url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01453002/document|chapter=The story of the Almohads in the Kingdom of Fez and of Morocco|first=Pascal|last=Buresi|title=The Soul of Morocco|pages=105–146}}</ref> a twin capital alongside [[Marrakesh]]. Almohads carried out a large urban renewal.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-first=Maribel|editor-last=Fierro|isbn=978-1-315-62595-9|chapter=Box 2.1 Seville|first=Alejandro|last=García-Sanjuan|title=The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia|year=2020|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=23–25}}</ref> By the end of the 12th century, the walled enclosure perhaps contained 80,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Las ciudades de Andalucía occidental en la Baja Edad Media: sociedad, morfología y funciones urbanas|first=Miguel Ángel|last=Ladero Quesada|page=74|journal= En la España medieval|issn=0214-3038|volume=10|year=1987|location=Madrid|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|Ediciones Complutense]]|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ELEM/article/view/ELEM8787110069A/24042}}</ref>{{see also|Siege of Seville}}[[File:Patio_de_las_doncellas-ret.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The ''Patio de las Doncellas'' in the [[Alcázar of Seville]]]]
In the wider context of the Castilian–Leonese conquest of the Guadalquivir Valley that ensued in the 13th century, [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] laid siege on Seville in 1247. A [[naval blockade]] came to prevent relief of the city.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://worldencompassed.net/articles/IberianNavalPower.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://worldencompassed.net/articles/IberianNavalPower.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|chapter=Iberian Naval Power, 1000–1650|editor-first=John B.|editor-last=Hattendorf|editor-first2=Richard W.|editor-last2=Unger|page=107|<!--pages=105–118-->publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-84615-171-2|first=Lawrence V.|last=Mott|title=War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance}}</ref> The city surrendered on 23 November 1248,<ref name="O'Callaghan1975">{{cite book|author=Joseph F. O'Callaghan|title=A History of Medieval Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3p6v3UxyIC|access-date=6 February 2013|year=1975|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-9264-8|page=353}}</ref> after fifteen months of siege. The conditions of capitulation contemplated the eviction of the population, with contemporary sources seemingly confirming that a mass movement of people out of Seville indeed took place.<ref>{{Cite journal|pages=31–33|journal=[[Hispania. Revista Española de Historia]]|year=2017|volume=LXXVII|issue=255<!--|pages=11-41-->|issn=0018-2141|doi=10.3989/hispania.2017.001|title=La conquista de Sevilla por Fernando III (646 h/1248). Nuevas propuestas a través de la relectura de las fuentes árabes|first=Alejandro|last=García Sanjuán|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|Editorial CSIC]]|location=Madrid|url=https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/507/502|doi-access=free|hdl=10272/15574|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The city's development continued after the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] conquest in 1248. Public buildings were constructed including churches—many of which were built in the [[Mudéjar]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] styles—such as the Seville Cathedral, built during the 15th century with [[Gothic architecture]].<ref name="Norwich2001">{{cite book|author=John Julius Norwich|title=Great Architecture of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo2BjGYRIT0C|access-date=15 May 2013|date=1 April 2001|publisher=Da Capo Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-306-81042-8|page=271}}</ref> Other Moorish buildings were converted into Catholic edifices, as was customary of the Catholic Church during the ''[[Reconquista]]''. The Moors' Palace became the Castilian royal residence, and during [[Peter of Castile|Pedro I]]'s rule it was replaced by the Alcázar (the upper levels are still used by the [[Spanish royal family]] as the official Seville residence).

{{wide image|Seville panorama.jpg|700px|[[Seville Cathedral|Cathedral of Saint Mary]] from Constitución Avenue}}

In the [[Massacre of 1391|1391 pogrom]] against the Jews, all the synagogues in Seville were converted to churches (renamed Santa María la Blanca, San Bartolomé, Santa Cruz, and Convento Madre de Dios). The Jewish quarter's land and shops (which were located in modern-day [[Santa Cruz, Seville|Santa Cruz neighbourhood]]) were appropriated by the church and many Jewish homes were burned down. 4000 Jews were killed during the pogrom and many others were [[B'nei Anusim|forced to convert]].

The first tribunal of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] was instituted in Seville in 1478. Its primary charge was to ensure that all nominal Christians were really behaving like Christians, and not practicing what Judaism they could in secret. At first, the activity of the Inquisition was limited to the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville|Seville]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Córdoba|Córdoba]], where the Dominican friar, Alonso de Ojeda, had detected [[converso]] activity.<ref name = "ojeda">{{cite web | url = http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/longhurst2/06.html | title = The Age of Torquemada, Chapter 6, pg. 79 | last = Longhurst | first = john Edward | publisher = Coronado Press | date = 1 January 1964 | access-date = 22 August 2021 | archive-date = 22 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210822224126/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/longhurst2/06.html | url-status = dead }} Description of Dominican friar who agitated for the Spanish Inquisition.</ref> The first [[Auto-da-fé|Auto de Fé]] took place in Seville on 6 February 1481, when six people were burned alive. Alonso de Ojeda himself gave the sermon. The Inquisition then grew rapidly. The Plaza de San Francisco was the site of the 'autos de fé'. By 1492, tribunals existed in eight Castilian cities: Ávila, Córdoba, Jaén, Medina del Campo, Segovia, Sigüenza, Toledo, and Valladolid;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = MacKay | first1 = A. | title = Popular Movements and Pogroms in Fifteenth-Century Castile | year = 1972| journal = Past and Present | issue = 55| pages = 33–67 | doi = 10.1093/past/55.1.33 }}</ref> and by the [[Alhambra Decree]] all Jews were [[anusim|forced to convert]] to Catholicism or be exiled (expelled) from Spain.<ref name="Levine">Levine Melammed, Renee. "Women in Medieval Jewish Societies." ''Women and Judaism: New Insights and Scholarship''. Ed. Frederick E. Greenspahn. New York: New York University Press, 2009. 105–106.</ref>