Editing Septuagint (section)

=== Canonical differences ===
The Septuagint does not consist of a single, unified corpus. Rather, it is a collection of ancient translations of the ''Tanakh'', along with other Jewish texts that are now commonly referred to as [[Biblical apocrypha|apocrypha]]. Importantly, the [[Development of the Hebrew Bible canon|canon of the Hebrew Bible was evolving]] over the century or so in which the Septuagint was being written. Also, the texts were translated by many different people, in different locations, at different times, for different purposes, and often from different original Hebrew manuscripts.<ref name=Ross2021 />

The [[Hebrew Bible]], also called the ''Tanakh'', has three parts: the ''[[Torah]]'' ("Law"), the ''[[Nevi'im]]'' ("Prophets"), and the ''[[Ketuvim]]'' ("Writings"). The Septuagint has four: law, history, poetry, and prophets. The books of the [[Biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]] were inserted at appropriate locations.<ref name=Stefon2011 /><ref name=Britannica /> Extant copies of the Septuagint, which date from the 4th century AD, contain books and additions<ref name=Blowers2019>{{cite book |last1=Blowers |first1=Paul M. |last2=Martens |first2=Peter W |title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Biblical Interpretation |year=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |pages=59, 60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jguXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |access-date=17 October 2019 |isbn=978-0-19-102820-5}}</ref> not present in the Hebrew Bible as established in the [[Development of the Hebrew Bible canon|Jewish canon]]<ref name="Schiffman1991">{{cite book |author1=Lawrence H. Schiffman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C |title=From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism |author2=Sol Scharfstein |publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc. |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-88125-372-6 |page=120}}</ref> and are not uniform in their contents. According to some scholars, there is no evidence that the Septuagint included these additional books.<ref name=Ellis1992>{{cite book |last1=Ellis |first1=E. E. |title=The Old Testament in Early Christianity |year=1992 |publisher=Baker |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=978VyfpZy7YC&pg=PA34 |access-date=16 November 2022 |isbn=978-3-16-145660-2}}</ref><ref name=Beckwith2008 /> These copies of the Septuagint include books known as ''[[anagignoskomena]]'' in Greek and in English as [[Deuterocanonical books|deuterocanon]] (derived from the Greek words for "second canon"), books not included in the modern Jewish canon.<ref name=Meade2018>{{cite journal |last1=Meade |first1=John D. |title=Was there a "Septuagint Canon"? |journal=Didaktikos: Journal of Theological Education. |url=https://academic.logos.com/was-there-a-septuagint-canon/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-8069 |access-date=8 October 2019 |date=23 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=Tov1988 /> These books are estimated to have been written between 200&nbsp;BC and 50&nbsp;AD. Among them are the first two books of [[Books of the Maccabees|Maccabees]]; Tobit; Judith; the Wisdom of Solomon; Sirach; Baruch (including the Letter of Jeremiah), and additions to Esther and Daniel. The Septuagint version of some books, such as Daniel and [[Book of Esther|Esther]], are longer than those in the [[Masoretic Text]], which were affirmed as canonical in [[Rabbinic Judaism]].<ref name=Jones>Rick Grant Jones, ''Various Religious Topics,'' "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030606114529/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Pines/7224/Rick/Septuagint/sp_books.html Books of the Septuagint]", (Accessed 2006.9.5).</ref> The Septuagint [[Book of Jeremiah]] is shorter than the Masoretic Text.<ref name=Blenkinsopp1996>{{Cite book |last=Blenkinsopp |first=Joseph |title=A history of prophecy in Israel |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&pg=PA166 |isbn=978-0-664-25639-5 |page=130}}</ref> The [[Psalms of Solomon]], [[1 Esdras]], [[3 Maccabees]], [[4 Maccabees]], the [[Letter of Jeremiah]], the [[Book of Odes (Bible)|Book of Odes]], the [[Prayer of Manasseh]] and [[Psalm 151]] are included in some copies of the Septuagint.<ref name=BibleResearcher>{{cite web |title=The Old Testament Canon and Apocrypha |url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/canon2.html |website=BibleResearcher |access-date=27 November 2015}}{{better source needed|date=November 2015|reason=This statement should be based on reliable sources.}}</ref>

The Septuagint has been rejected as scriptural by mainstream Rabbinic Judaism for a couple of reasons. First, the Septuagint differs from the [[Masoretic Text|Hebrew source texts]] in many cases (particularly in the [[Book of Job]]).<ref name=Toy1906 /> For example, according to [[Heinrich Guggenheimer]], intentional mistranslations in Deuteronomy 6 make reference to ancient sources of the [[Haggadah|Passover Haggadah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guggenheimer |first=Heinrich |title=The Scholar's Haggadah: Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Oriental Versions |date=1998 |publisher=Jason Aronson |isbn=978-0-7657-6040-1 |edition= |location=Northvale, NJ}}</ref> Second, the translations appear at times to demonstrate an ignorance of Hebrew idiomatic usage.<ref name=Toy1906 /> A particularly noteworthy example of this phenomenon is found in [[Isaiah 7:14]], in which the Hebrew word {{Script/Hebrew|עַלְמָה}} ({{tlit|he|'almāh}}, which translates into English as "young woman") is translated into the Koine Greek as {{lang|grc|παρθένος}} ({{tlit|grc|parthenos}}, which translates into English as "virgin").<ref name=Sweeney1996>{{cite book |last=Sweeney |first=Marvin A. |author-link=Marvin A. Sweeney |edition=1st |volume=XVI |series=[[The Forms of the Old Testament Literature]] |title=Isaiah 1–39: With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature |chapter=The Individual Units of Isaiah 1:1-39:8 |page=161 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |year=1996 |isbn=0-8028-4100-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&pg=PA161}}</ref>

The Septuagint became synonymous with the Greek Old Testament, a Christian canon incorporating the books of the Hebrew canon with additional texts. Although the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] include most of the books in the Septuagint in their canons, [[Protestantism|Protestant churches]] usually do not. After the [[Reformation]], many [[Protestant Bible]]s began to follow the Jewish [[Biblical canon|canon]] and exclude the additional texts (which came to be called the Apocrypha) as noncanonical.<ref name=Blocher2004>{{cite journal |last1=Blocher |first1=Henri |title=Helpful or Harmful? The "Apocrypha" and Evangelical Theology |journal=European Journal of Theology |volume=13 |year=2004 |issue=2 |pages=81–90}}</ref><ref name=Webster>{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=William |title=The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha Part 3 |url=http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213013409/http://www.christiantruth.com/articles/Apocrypha3.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Apocrypha are included under a separate heading in the [[King James Version]] of the Bible.<ref name=nets>{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/ |title=NETS: Electronic Edition |publisher=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu |date=11 February 2011 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+ Deuterocanonical and apocryphal books in the Septuagint
|-
! Greek name<ref name=Jobes2001 /><ref name=McLay>Timothy McLay, ''The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research {{ISBN|0-8028-6091-5}}.''—The current standard introduction on the NT & LXX.</ref>{{Efn|The canon of the original Old Greek LXX is disputed. This table reflects the canon of the Old Testament as used currently in Eastern Orthodoxy.|name=disputed|group=}}
! Transliteration
! English name
|-
|{{lang|grc|Προσευχὴ Μανασσῆ}}||Proseuchē Manassē||[[Prayer of Manasseh]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἔσδρας Αʹ}}||1 Esdras||[[1 Esdras]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Τωβίτ}} (called Τωβείτ or Τωβίθ in some sources)||Tōbit (or Tōbeit or Tōbith)||[[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἰουδίθ}}||Ioudith||[[Judith]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἐσθήρ}}||Esthēr||Esther (with [[Book of Esther#Additions to Esther|additions]])
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μακκαβαίων Αʹ}}||1 Makkabaiōn||[[1 Maccabees]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μακκαβαίων Βʹ}}||2 Makkabaiōn||[[2 Maccabees]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μακκαβαίων Γʹ}}||3 Makkabaiōn||[[3 Maccabees]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Μακκαβαίων Δ' Παράρτημα}}||4 Makkabaiōn Parartēma||[[4 Maccabees]]<ref>Originally placed after 3 Maccabees and before Psalms, but placed in an appendix of the Orthodox Canon.</ref>
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ψαλμός ΡΝΑʹ}}||Psalmos 151||[[Psalm 151]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Σοφία Σαλομῶντος}}||Sophia Salomōntos||Wisdom or [[Wisdom of Solomon]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Σοφία Ἰησοῦ Σειράχ}}||Sophia Iēsou Seirach||[[Sirach]] or Ecclesiasticus
|-
|{{lang|grc|Βαρούχ}}||Barouch||[[Book of Baruch|Baruch]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ἐπιστολὴ Ἰερεμίου}}||Epistolē Ieremiou||[[Letter of Jeremiah]]
|-
|{{lang|grc|Δανιήλ}}||Daniēl||Daniel (with [[Additions to Daniel|additions]])
|-
|{{lang|grc|Ψαλμοὶ Σαλομῶντος}}||Psalmoi Salomōntos||[[Psalms of Solomon]]{{efn|name=nets|Not in the Eastern Orthodox canon, but originally included in the LXX.<ref name=NETS>{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/ |title=NETS: Electronic Edition |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>|group=}}
|}