Editing Self-harm (section)

===Mental disorder===
Although some people who self-harm do not have any form of recognized mental disorder,<ref>{{harvnb|Klonsky|2007b|p=1040}}: "Indeed, it has become apparent that self-injury occurs even in nonclinical and high-functioning populations such as secondary school students, college students, and active-duty military personnel".</ref> self-harm often co-occurs with psychiatric conditions. Self-harm is, for example, associated with eating disorders,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cucchi |first1=A. |last2=Ryan |first2=D. |last3=Konstantakopoulos |first3=G. |last4=Stroumpa |first4=S. |last5=Kaçar |first5=A. ş. |last6=Renshaw |first6=S. |last7=Landau |first7=S. |last8=Kravariti |first8=E. |date=May 2016 |title=Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=1345–1358 |s2cid=206255649 |issn=0033-2917 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716000027 |doi-access=free |pmid=26954514}}</ref> [[autism]],<ref name="Johnson">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM |date=November 2007 |title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1183–1215 |s2cid=218028 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361 |pmid=17967920 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183 |archive-date=2009-02-08}} For a lay summary, see {{citation |title=New AAP Reports Help Pediatricians Identify and Manage Autism Earlier |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] |date=2007-10-29 |url=http://aap.org/advocacy/releases/oct07autism.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003106/http://aap.org/advocacy/releases/oct07autism.htm |archive-date=2011-03-24}}</ref><ref name="Dominick">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S |year=2007 |title=Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=145–162 |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003 |pmid=16581226}}</ref> [[borderline personality disorder]], [[dissociative disorders]], [[bipolar disorder]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Joyce PR, Light KJ, Rowe SL, Cloninger CR, Kennedy MA |title=Self-mutilation and suicide attempts: relationships to bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, temperament and character |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=250–257 |date=March 2010 |s2cid=12374927 |doi=10.3109/00048670903487159 |pmid=20180727}}</ref> [[major depressive disorder|depression]],<ref name="meltzer"/><ref name="oxford">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawton K, Kingsbury S, Steinhardt K, James A, Fagg J |title=Repetition of deliberate self-harm by adolescents: the role of psychological factors |journal=Journal of Adolescence |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=369–378 |date=June 1999 |doi=10.1006/jado.1999.0228 |pmid=10462427}}</ref> [[phobia]]s,<ref name="meltzer"/> and [[conduct disorder]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wessely S, Akhurst R, Brown I, Moss L |title=Deliberate self harm and the Probation Service; an overlooked public health problem? |journal=Journal of Public Health Medicine |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–132 |date=June 1996 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024471 |doi-access=free |pmid=8816309}}</ref> As many as 70% of individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in self-harm.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Urnes O |date=April 2009 |title=[Self-harm and personality disorders] |journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening |volume=129 |issue=9 |pages=872–876 |doi=10.4045/tidsskr.08.0140 |doi-access=free |pmid=19415088}}</ref> An estimated 30% of autistic individuals engage in self-harm at some point, including eye-poking, [[skin-picking]], hand-biting, and head-banging.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref name="Dominick"/> According to a meta-analysis that did not distinguish between suicidal and non-suicidal acts, self-harm is common among those with [[schizophrenia]] and is a significant predictor of suicide.{{sfn|Haw|Hawton|Sutton|Sinclair|2005|pp=50-51}} There are parallels between self-harm and [[Factitious disorder imposed on self|factitious disorder]], a psychiatric disorder in which individuals feign illness or trauma.<ref name=Munchausens88>{{cite journal |vauthors=Humphries SR |title=Munchausen syndrome. Motives and the relation to deliberate self-harm |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=152 |issue=3 |pages=416–417 |date=March 1988 |s2cid=11881655 |doi=10.1192/bjp.152.3.416 |pmid=3167380}}</ref> There may be a common ground of inner distress culminating in self-directed harm in patients with this condition. However, a desire to deceive medical personnel in order to gain treatment and attention is more important in factitious disorder than in self-harm.<ref name=Munchausens88/>