Editing Seafood (section)

==Health benefits==
[[File:US FDA Advice- Eating Fish.gif|thumb|The [[Food and Drug Administration|US FDA]] recommends moderate consumption of fish as part of a healthy and balanced diet.]]

There is broad scientific consensus that [[Docosahexaenoic acid|docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)]] and [[Eicosapentaenoic acid|eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)]] found in seafood are beneficial to [[Development of the nervous system in humans|neurodevelopment]] and cognition, especially at young ages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=W S|last2=Baack|first2=M L|date=2014-10-30|title=Beyond building better brains: bridging the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) gap of prematurity|journal=Journal of Perinatology|volume=35|issue=1|pages=1–7|doi=10.1038/jp.2014.195|pmid=25357095|issn=0743-8346|pmc=4281288}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hüppi|first=Petra S|date=1 March 2008|title=Nutrition for the Brain: Commentary on the article by Isaacs et al. on page 308|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=63|issue=3|pages=229–231|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e318168c6d1|pmid=18287959|s2cid=6564743|issn=0031-3998|doi-access=free}}</ref> The United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] has described fish as "nature's super food."<ref>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2016b. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for AIL Rome: FAO.</ref> Seafood consumption is associated with improved neurologic development during [[pregnancy]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hibbeln|first1=Joseph R|last2=Davis|first2=John M|last3=Steer|first3=Colin|last4=Emmett|first4=Pauline|last5=Rogers|first5=Imogen|last6=Williams|first6=Cathy|last7=Golding|first7=Jean|date=February 2007|title=Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study|journal=The Lancet|volume=369|issue=9561|pages=578–585|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60277-3|pmid=17307104|s2cid=35798591|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fewtrell|first1=Mary S|last2=Abbott|first2=Rebecca A|last3=Kennedy|first3=Kathy|last4=Singhal|first4=Atul|last5=Morley|first5=Ruth|last6=Caine|first6=Eleanor|last7=Jamieson|first7=Cherry|last8=Cockburn|first8=Forrester|last9=Lucas|first9=Alan|date=April 2004|title=Randomized, double-blind trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with fish oil and borage oil in preterm infants|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|volume=144|issue=4|pages=471–479|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.01.034|pmid=15069395|issn=0022-3476}}</ref> and early childhood<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Daniels|first1=Julie L.|last2=Longnecker|first2=Matthew P.|last3=Rowland|first3=Andrew S.|last4=Golding|first4=Jean|date=July 2004|title=Fish Intake During Pregnancy and Early Cognitive Development of Offspring|journal=Epidemiology|volume=15|issue=4|pages=394–402|doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000129514.46451.ce|pmid=15232398|s2cid=22517733|issn=1044-3983|doi-access=free}}</ref> and is more tenuously linked to reduced mortality from [[Coronary artery disease|coronary heart disease]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Mozaffarian|first1=Dariush|last2=Rimm|first2=Eric B.|date=2006-10-18|title=Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health|journal=JAMA|volume=296|issue=15|pages=1885–99|doi=10.1001/jama.296.15.1885|pmid=17047219|issn=0098-7484|doi-access=free}}</ref> 

Fish consumption has been associated with a decreased risk of [[dementia]], [[lung cancer]] and [[stroke]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Song, Jian; Hong, Su; Wang, Bao-long; Zhou, Yang-yang; Guo, Liang-Liang|year=2014|title=Fish Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=[[Nutrition and Cancer]]|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.894102|volume=66|issue=44|pages=539–549 |doi=10.1080/01635581.2014.894102|pmid=24707954|s2cid=38143108}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bakre AT, Chen R, Khutan R, Wei L, Smith T, Qin G, Danat IM, Zhou W, Schofield P, Clifford A, Wang J, Verma A, Zhang C, Ni J|year=2018|title=Association between fish consumption and risk of dementia: a new study from China and a systematic literature review and meta-analysis|journal=[[Public Health Nutrition]]|volume=21|issue=10|pages=1921–1932|doi=10.1017/S136898001800037X|pmid=29551101|pmc=10260768 |s2cid=3983960|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Zhao, Wei; Tang, Hui; Xiaodong, Yang; Xiaoquan, Luo; Wang, Xiaoya; Shao, Chuan; He, Jiaquan|year=2019|title=Fish Consumption and Stroke Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies|journal=[[Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases]]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30470619/|volume=28|issue=3|pages=604–611|doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.10.036|pmid=30470619|s2cid=53719088}}</ref> A 2020 [[umbrella review]] concluded that fish consumption reduces all-cause mortality, cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke and other outcomes. The review suggested that two to four servings per week is generally safe.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Li, Ni; Wu, Xiaoting; Zhuang, Wen; Xia, Lin; Chen, Yi; Wu, Chuncheng; Rao, Zhiyong; Du, Liang; Zhao, Rui; Yi, Mengshi; Wan, Qianyi; Zhou, Yong|year=2020|title=Fish consumption and multiple health outcomes: Umbrella review|journal=[[Trends in Food Science and Technology]]|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224419310532|volume=99|pages=273–283|doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.033|s2cid=216445490}}</ref> However, two other recent umbrella reviews have found no statistically significant associations between fish consumption and cancer risks and have cautioned researchers when it comes to interpreting reported associations between fish consumption and cancer risks because the quality of evidence is very low.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jayedi, Ahmad; Shab-Bidar, Sakineh|year=2020|title=Fish Consumption and the Risk of Chronic Disease: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies|journal=Advances in Nutrition|url=https://academic.oup.com/advances/article-abstract/11/5/1123/5811305|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1123–1133|doi=10.1093/advances/nmaa029|pmid=32207773|pmc=7490170}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Keum Hwa Lee, Hyo Jin Seong, Gaeun Kim, Gwang Hun Jeong, Jong Yeob Kim, Hyunbong Park, Eunyoung Jung, Andreas Kronbichler, Michael Eisenhut, Brendon Stubbs, Marco Solmi, Ai Koyanagi, Sung Hwi Hong, Elena Dragioti, Leandro Fórnias Machado de Rezende, Louis Jacob, NaNa Keum, Hans J van der Vliet, Eunyoung Cho, Nicola Veronese, Giuseppe Grosso, Shuji Ogino, Mingyang Song, Joaquim Radua, Sun Jae Jung, Trevor Thompson, Sarah E Jackson, Lee Smith, Lin Yang, Hans Oh, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jae Il Shin, Edward L Giovannucci, Gabriele Gamerith|year=2020|title=Consumption of Fish and ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies|journal=Advances in Nutrition|url=https://academic.oup.com/advances/article-abstract/11/5/1134/5850613|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1134–1149|doi=10.1093/advances/nmaa055|pmid=32488249|pmc=7490175}}</ref>

The parts of fish containing essential fats and micronutrients, often cited as primary health benefits of eating seafood, are frequently discarded in the [[Developed country|developed world]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Hamada|first1=Shingo|title=Seafood: Ocean to the Plate|last2=Wilk|first2=Richard|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|isbn=9781138191860|location=New York|pages=2, 8, 5–7, 9, 5, 9, 115 (in order of parenthetical appearance)}}</ref> [[Micronutrient]]s including calcium, potassium, selenium, zinc, and iodine are found in their highest concentrations in the head, intestines, bones, and scales.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2010|title=Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption|url=https://www.fao.org/3/ba0136e/ba0136e00.pdf|journal=FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report|volume=978|pages=25–29|eissn=2070-6987}}</ref>

Government recommendations promote moderate consumption of fish. The [[Food and Drug Administration|US Food and Drug Administration]] recommends moderate (4 oz for children and 8–12 oz for adults, weekly) consumption of fish as part of a healthy and balanced diet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advice About Eating Fish|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/102331/download|date=July 2019|website=United States Environmental Protection Agency|format=PDF|access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> [[National Health Service (England)|The UK National Health Service]] gives similar advice, recommending at least 2 portions (about 10 oz) of fish weekly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fish and shellfish|url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/fish-and-shellfish-nutrition/|date=2018-04-27|website=nhs.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> The [[National Health Commission|Chinese National Health Commission]] recommends slightly more, advising 10–20 oz of fish weekly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=《中国居民膳食指南（2016）》核心推荐_中国居民膳食指南|url=http://dg.cnsoc.org/article/04/8a2389fd5520b4f30155be01beb82724.html|website=dg.cnsoc.org|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref>