Editing Scientific misconduct (section)

===Authorship responsibility===
All authors of a scientific publication are expected to have made reasonable attempts to check findings submitted to academic journals for publication.

Simultaneous submission of scientific findings to more than one journal or duplicate publication of findings is usually regarded as misconduct, under what is known as the Ingelfinger rule, named after the editor of [[The New England Journal of Medicine]] 1967–1977, Franz Ingelfinger.<ref>{{cite journal
 |last1=Toy |first1=Jennifer
 |year=2002
 |title=The Ingelfinger Rule: Franz Ingelfinger at The New England Journal of Medicine 1967–77
 |url=http://cseditors.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/v25n6p195-198.pdf
 |journal=[[Science Editor]]
 |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=195–198
}}</ref>

[[Honorary authorship|Guest authorship]] (where there is stated authorship in the absence of involvement, also known as gift authorship) and ghost authorship (where the real author is not listed as an author) are commonly regarded as forms of research misconduct. In some cases coauthors of faked research have been accused of inappropriate behavior or research misconduct for failing to verify reports authored by others or by a commercial sponsor. Examples include the case of [[Gerald Schatten]] who co-authored with [[Hwang Woo-Suk]], the case of Professor Geoffrey Chamberlain named as guest author of papers fabricated by Malcolm Pearce,<ref name="BMJ1995">{{Cite journal |title=Lessons from the Pearce affair: handling scientific fraud |journal=[[BMJ]] |date= June 17, 1995 |volume=310 |issue=6994 |pages=1547–148 |doi=10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1547 |pmid=7787632 |pmc=2549935 | last1 = Lock | first1 = S}} {{registration required}}</ref> (Chamberlain was exonerated from collusion in Pearce's deception)<ref name="Independent Committee of Inquiry into the publication of articles in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology">{{cite web |title=Independent Committee of Inquiry into the publication of articles in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (1994–1995) |url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/7/4972.htm |access-date=2011-08-26}}</ref> – and the coauthors with [[Jan Hendrik Schön]] at Bell Laboratories. More recent cases include that of Charles Nemeroff,<ref name="the-scientist.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/news/home/24445/|title=Journal editor quits in conflict scandal|website=The Scientist|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> then the editor-in-chief of ''Neuropsychopharmacology'', and a well-documented case involving the drug [[Actonel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thejabberwock.org/wiki/index.php?title=Actonel_Case_Media_Reports |title=Actonel Case Media Reports - Scientific Misconduct Wiki |access-date=2008-03-22 |archive-date=2009-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202055309/http://www.thejabberwock.org/wiki/index.php?title=Actonel_Case_Media_Reports }}</ref>

Authors are expected to keep all study data for later examination even after publication. The failure to keep data may be regarded as misconduct. Some scientific journals require that authors provide information to allow readers to determine whether the authors might have commercial or non-commercial conflicts of interest. Authors are also commonly required to provide information about ethical aspects of research, particularly where research involves human or animal participants or use of biological material. Provision of incorrect information to journals may be regarded as misconduct. Financial pressures on universities have encouraged this type of misconduct. The majority of recent cases of alleged misconduct involving undisclosed conflicts of interest or failure of the authors to have seen scientific data involve collaborative research between scientists and biotechnology companies.<ref name="the-scientist.com"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Dickerson |first=John |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2133061/ |title=Did a British university sell out to P&G?  |website=Slate |date= 2005-12-22|access-date=2013-08-04}}</ref>